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Biochemistry - Exam 2 > Dr. Quan Study Guide > Flashcards

Dr. Quan Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

is constructed by mating individuals from two parent strains, each of which exhibits one of the two contrasting forms of the character under study.

A

monohybrid cross

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3
Q

The physical appearance of a trait

A

phenotype

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4
Q

The original parents are called the P1 or the parental generation, their offspring are the

A

F1

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5
Q

Individuals result from self-fertilization of the F1generation are called F2generation

A

F1 cross

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6
Q

When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be

A

recessive.

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7
Q

During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors ___ randomly so that each gametes receives one or the other with equal likelihood.

A

separate or segregate

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8
Q

Genetic characters are controlled by ___ that exist in pairs in individual organisms

A

unit factors

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9
Q

is constructed by mating individuals from two parent strains. There are two pairs of contrasting forms of character under study

A

dihybrid cross

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10
Q

__ of an organism is the chemical composition of its DNA, which gives rise to the phenotype, or observable traits of an organism

A

genotype

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11
Q

The observable properties of an organism that are genetically controlled

A

phenotype

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12
Q

The specific allelic or genetic constitution of an organism

A

genotype

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13
Q

a sequence of DNA bases containing biologically useful information (Unit factor)

A

gene

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14
Q

a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

A

punnett square

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15
Q

specific position or location of a gene on a chromosome

A

gene locus

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16
Q

alternative form of a gene(Unlike unit factor)

A

allele

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17
Q

identical alleles at a locus

A

homologue

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18
Q

The first division in MEIOSIS separates ___.The second division in Meiosis separates ___.

A

1st division separates homologous chromosomes

2nd division separates sister chromatids

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19
Q

Cells contain two sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

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20
Q

cells contain one set of chromosomes (eggs & sperms also called gametes)

A

haploid

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21
Q

During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other.

A

independent assortment

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22
Q

During gamete formation, segregating pairs of factors assort __ of each other.

A

independently of each other (independent assortment)

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23
Q

Combining the gene products from the two alternative alleles produces a intermediate phenotype.

A

incomplete or partial dominance

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24
Q

If two alleles are responsible for the production of two distinct and detectable products. The distinct genetic expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called

A

codominance

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25
Q

The existence of two or more discontinuous, segregating phenotypes in a population.

A

polymorphism

example is blood type

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26
Q

The phenomenon of masking or modifying the effects of one gene pair by the expression of another gene pair is defined a

A

epistasis

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27
Q

expression, or the lack of expression of certain genes can affect the survival of an organism.. They are usually a result of mutations in genes that are essential to growth or development

A

lethal allele

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28
Q

the gene that determines a specific character is located on a X or Y chromosome

A

sex linkage

*X/Y chromosomes are sex linked chromosomes

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29
Q

During meiosis, a limited number of ____events occurs randomly between homologous chromosomes, the closer two loci reside along the axis of the chromosome, the less likely it is that any __ will occur between them.

A

crossover

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30
Q

The ____ of a genetic disorder is the proportion of individuals with the at-risk genotype who actually express the trait;
complete __means the trait is expressed in 100 percent of persons with that genotype.

A

penetrance

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31
Q

enzymes that cut a DNA molecule at a particular place. They are essential tools for recombinant DNA technology. The enzyme “scans” a DNA molecule, looking for a particular sequence, usually of four to six nucleotides.

A

restriction enzymes

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32
Q

what does the end of the restriction enzyme sequence look like

A

5’

3’TTAA

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33
Q

cut straight across the double helix producing ___ends

A

blunt end

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34
Q

Symmetrical cleavage occurs when a restriction endonuclease or enzyme cuts a section of DNA and leaves no overhanging bases

A

blunt end

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35
Q

are fragments of DNA where one strand, after being cleaved by restriction enzymes, is left over hanging another strand. It is cleaved assymetrically and can leave a 5’ or a 3’ overhang.

A

adhesive or sticky end

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36
Q

the desired DNA fragment with a single strand labeled at one end

A

end labeling

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37
Q

a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue

A

in situ hybridization

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38
Q

Gene cloning makes multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA. A foreign gene is inserted into a bacterial ___ and this recombinant DNA molecule is returned to a bacterial cell.

A

plasmid

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39
Q

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA.

A

plasmid

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40
Q

an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds

A

ligase

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41
Q

DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

A

cDNA

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42
Q

add a DNA binding protein that protects the region it binds to, then
random cleavage by nuclease or chemical, followed by removal of the protein and
separation of the DNA strands
Everything except where the protein is binding will be cut
Separation by gel electrophoresis __where no cleavage is observed

A

footprint

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43
Q

– cut human genome into many small pieces and

put each small piece into a vector, then you have a

A

genomic DNA library

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44
Q

a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.

A

site-directed mutagenesis

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45
Q

for very specific analysis of an
enzyme
introducing a mutation in to a DNA
sequence

A

site-directed mutagenesis

46
Q

genetically manipulate cultured stem cells, put these into a growing
embryo (mouse), and you have made a chimeric animal (some cells with altered gene
and some are normal)
If the mutated gene gets into the egg or sperm of the next generation, then all of
the next generation will have your gene

A

gene targeting

47
Q

a DNA sequence that determines the site of transcription initiation for
an RNA polymerase. It is non-coding

A

promoter (asymmetric)

48
Q

marks a misfolded protein

A

ubiquitin

49
Q

garbage can of the cell

A

proteasome

50
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG,UGA

51
Q

start codon

A

AUG - methionine (unique because no redundancy)

52
Q

from between AUG (start) to UAA (stop), must be divisible by 3

A

reading frame

53
Q

3 phases of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

54
Q

Function of Sigma factor

A

act as initiation factors

55
Q

template strand vs. coding strand

A

template strand refers to the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA

coding strand is mRNA-like strand because the sequence corresponds to the codons that are translated into protein. U replaces T in the mRNA

56
Q

___proceeds along the antisense or template strand, producing a complementary RNA that is
identical to the sense strand of the DNA, except that the thymine residues in DNA are
substituted by uracil residues in RNA

A

Transcription

57
Q

A protein binding site, represented by a __, may be a short sequence of nucleotides which is found several times in the genome and is thought to play the same role in its different locations

A

consensus region sequence

10 and 35 positions on a promoter

58
Q

the __ operon is a classic example of repression

A

trp (tryptophan)

59
Q

prokaryotes regulate genes by

A

repression and induction

60
Q

the lac operon is under both __transcriptional controls

A

negative and positive

61
Q

positive control of the lac operon by

A

glucose or CAP protein

62
Q

negative control of lac operon by a

A

repressor

63
Q

__act as homodimers

A

repressors

64
Q

contiguous genes transcribed as a single mRNA

A

operon

65
Q

repressors bind to DNA sequences called ___, which overlap the promoter region. a bound repressor interferes with binding of RNA polymerase and transcription initiation

A

Operator

66
Q

a trans-acting repressor binds to the cis-acting operator to turn off

A

transcription.

67
Q

components of chromatin

A

DNA (exons,introns, regulatory sequences, junk)

Protein (histone, non-histone)

68
Q

Polycistronic vs. monocistronic transcription

A

polycistronic is in prokaryotes

monocistronic is in eukaryotes

69
Q

__chromatin clustered as compact regions near the nucleous and nuclear membrane

A

heterochromatin

70
Q

the most tightly packaged form of DNA. transcriptionally silent.different from cell to cell

A

heterochromatin

71
Q

__ limit the distance that enhancers operate

A

insulators

72
Q

buffer the gene from outside

  • prevent the control region from acting outside the domain
  • prevent spread of heterochromatin
A

insulators

73
Q

__chromatin is prevalent in cells that are active in the transcription of many of their genes while

A

Euchromatin

74
Q

heter or eu- chromatin related to necleosome

A

euchromatin - nucleosome

75
Q

__ factors bind to any gene

A

general transcription factors

76
Q

DNA wrapped around protein is termed

A

chromatin

77
Q

_may lie upstream or downstream of a promoter and may be important in conferring tissue-specific
transcription.

A

enhancers

78
Q

__splicing of mRNA

A

alternate splicing

79
Q

Alternate splicing of _ can be tissue specific

A

RNA or mRNA

80
Q

__ domains can be classified into numerous structural typesinto numerous structural types

A

DNA-binding

81
Q

Polymerase binds nonspecifically to DNA, then sigma factor finds the
promoter sequences, unwinding of DNA around the initiation site, initiation of
transcription

A

initiation

82
Q

release signma factor and elongate RNA chain

A

elongation

83
Q

stem-loop in RNA kind of knocks off RNAP

A

termination

84
Q

__polymerase transcribes mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II

85
Q

consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation

A

poly A

86
Q

signaling between cells

A

intercellular signaling

87
Q

signaling within a cell

A

intracellular signaling

88
Q

Receptors can be found where

A

cell-surface or intracellular

89
Q

forms of intracellular signaling

A

Contact-dependent – cells have to touch each other, ex: stop growing when the
cells are smushed together

Paracrine – neighboring cells targeted

Synaptic – neuron, can be really long distance to synapse

Endocrine – hormone in bloodstream

90
Q

Can one signaling molecule perform multiple functions?

A

yes -different effects on different

tissue/organ/area

91
Q

ion channel-linked receptor –> ligand either opens or closes
the channel
Ex: nicotinic Ach Receptor every time muscle contracts

A

ionotropic receptor

92
Q

related to metabolism, also called G-protein coupled
receptor, receptor on the cell membrane binds with G-protein inside the
cell
Ex: muscarinic Ach Receptor, beta-adrenergic receptor
(norepinephrine= ligand)

A

Metabotropic receptors

93
Q

cAMP bound to __ frees catalytic subunit (from regulatory subunit) which
phosphorylates molecules – ex: ion channel)

A

PKA (phosphokinase A)

94
Q

Regulation at the level of __:

1) 5’ capping – keeps RNA from being chewed up/degraded
2) Poly-A tail (3’)– not made from DNA, added later on
3) Splice introns

A

RNA processing

95
Q

Transcription termination in prokaryotes can be

A

rho-independent (intrinsic terminators exist in the RNA polymerase) when RNA forms a hairpin structure which displaces RNAP

and rho-dependent the rho protein isassociates the RNAP and moves it off from the template

96
Q

tyrosine kinease receptor, self or auto-phosphorylates, ligand helps bring two together and
they phosphorylate each other (not really self, phosphorylates its twin) (if you
mutate one of the pair then nothing happens)

A

dimerization

97
Q

__ use the NF-κB signaling pathway

A

Cytokines

98
Q

__ pathway a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

A

NF-kB pathway

99
Q

__ results in destruction of an inhibitory molecule

A

Phosphorylation,

*results in a cascade of NF-kB pathway

100
Q

RAS proteins are small

A

G-proteins

101
Q

protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

A

proteasomes

102
Q

Transcriptional regulation by chromatin modification

A

Acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation

103
Q

Adhesive ends can only stick together with another molecule cut by

A

the

same restriction enzyme

104
Q

enzyme to specifically label the 5’ end, put a phosphate group
there

A

end labeling

105
Q

small virus that infects bacteria

A

bacterial plasmid

106
Q

Constructing a genomic DNA library

A

cut human genome into many small pieces and

put each small piece into a vector, then you have a library

107
Q

Lyse cells and purify mRNA

Hybridize with poly(T) primer

Make DNA copy with reverse transcriptase

Degrade RNA with RNase

Synthesize complementary DNA strand using DNAP (RNA fragment as primer)

A

synthesis of cDNA

108
Q

add a DNA binding protein that proteins the region it binds to, then
random cleavage by nuclease or chemical, followed by removal of the protein and
separation of the DNA strands

A

DNA footprinting

109
Q

Ubiquitin gets transferred to the misfolded protein, get a chain of
__, the flag that it needs to be degraded

A

multiubiquitin

110
Q

Amino Acid Activation – AA + ATP –>
adenylated amino acid

Then adds to tRNA –> Forms

A

aminoacyl tRNA

111
Q

Structure of transfer RNA

A

clover structure

112
Q

Importance of protein folding

A

makes protein functional

Biochemistry - Exam 2 (3 decks)

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