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HHP Block 1 > Dr. Mhawi 3 Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Dr. Mhawi 3 Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are present in large numbers in hepatocytes and absent in mature erythrocytes and terminal keratinocytes

A

Mitochondria

8.5.7

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2
Q

Describe the inner and outer membrane of mitochondria

A
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3
Q

In the mitochondria, the _______ contains specific enzymes like cytochrome c that plays an important factor in apoptosis initiation

A

Intermembrane space

8.5.7

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4
Q

Describe this image

A
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5
Q

What is this image of mitochondria depicting?

A

Two types of cristae: tubule- or vesicle-like and plate-like.

Most cells contain mitochondria with plate-like cristae. Steroid secreting cells (e.g. Adrenal, gonadal cells) have tubulo-vesicular cristae

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6
Q

What are the two types of ER’s

A

Rough (rER; ribosomes attach to outer surface)

Smooth (sER; outer surface ribosomes-free)

8.5.7

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7
Q

With TEM: rER appears as series of membrane-limited, flattened sacs called ______

A

cisternae

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8
Q

What is the 2 main functions of rER?

A

protein synthesis

post-translational modification of newly synthesized proteins

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9
Q

In the cytosol many ribosomes are connected by one strand

of mRNA (aka _______)

■ Found in two forms:

Free polysomes: free in the cytosol

Bound polysomes: attach to the outer surface of rER

cisternae

■ Synthesize different classes of proteins

A

polysomes

8.5.7

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10
Q

True or False: Ribosomes responsible for basophilia in LM

A

True

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11
Q

Explain this image

A

The cytoplasm of this cell is occupied by rER. Note the electron-dense particle (arrows) which represent the membrane-bound ribosomes. The ribosomes attach to the outer surface of the rER cisternae. The Lumina of some of the rER cisternae are indicated.

8.5.7

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12
Q

Explain this image

A

Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of the cytoplasm of two adjacent protein-producing cells. The cytoplasm of these cells is filled with rER. Black solid arrows point to the free ribosomes. Red arrows indicate the rER-bound ribosome. The blank arrows are pointing to the ribosome-free plasma membranes of the two adjacent cells.

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13
Q
  • _____ are a group of flattened sacs, with vesicles around the margins
  • Prominent in protein-secreting cells
  • At the TEM level appears to consists of three defined
    regions: cis, medial, and trans
A

Golgi

8.5.7

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14
Q

At LM level Golgi apparatus appears as a lightly stained are in the cytoplasm of the protein-producing cells (e.g., plasma cells; this light micrograph

A

Light micrograph of group of plasma cells present in most likely infected tissue. The light regions of the cytoplasm (indicated by the arrows) represent Golgi complex in the cytoplasm of plasma cells.

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15
Q

Explain this image

8.5.7

A

8.5.7

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16
Q

Explain this image

A

TEM of steroid producing cell. The cytoplasm of the cell is occupied with well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER). L, lysosome; M, mitochondrion.

17
Q

What are the main functions of the sER?

A

―Biosynthesis of steroid hormones

―Biosynthesis of membrane lipids

―Breakdown of toxins and drugs

―Synthesis of triglycerides from monoglycerides in the intestinal epithelium

―Sequestering of calcium in striated muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in striated muscle fibers is called _______ reticulum

Responsible for storage of Ca++ ions

A

sarcoplasmic

19
Q

_______ are membrane-bound organelles containing a large variety (40) of acid hydrolases (i.e., enzymes work in acidic pH)

8.5.7

A

Lysosomes

•Profound in neutrophils and macrophages

8.5.7

20
Q

What are teo ways the material is brought to the lysosomes?

A

•Heterophagy

–Endocytosis

–Phagocytosis

•Autophagy

–Degradation of cell’s senescent organelles and large denatured protein

21
Q

Explain this image

A

Lysosomes (L) in macrophage. When the lysosome fuses with phagosome (P) the combined structure is called phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome the content of the phagosome is degraded by the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome.

22
Q

Indigestible compounds stored in the lysosomes are called _______

The unreleased indigestible compounds in long-living cells are called _______

8.5.7

A

residual bodies

aging pigments

23
Q

_________- Absence of lysosomal galactosidase (B-hexosaminidase) in neurons

–Produces concentric lamellar structures in the lysosomes

–Interferes with normal neuronal function

A

•Tay-Sachs disease

8.5.7

24
Q

________ is lack of enzyme that breaks down glycolipids, glycolipids accumulate, enlarged liver and spleen

________ is lack of acid maltase (has glycogen substrate, glycogen accumulates in liver and muscle

_______ is defective degradation of cerebral gangliosides (enzyme replacement)

A
  • Gaucher’s Disease
  • Pompe’s Disease
  • Niemann-Pick Disease

8.5.7

25
Q

_____ regulate hydrogen peroxide levels in the cells

8.5.7

A

Peroxisomes

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26
Q

Explain this image

A

This peroxisome undergoes replication. Note the electron dense matrix in the middle of the organelle. Several cisternae of rER are visible.

8.5.7

27
Q

Explain this image

A

Nuclear pore complex (NP) as they appear when a replica of freeze-fractured nuclear envelope is imaged with TEM. A, inner membrane; B, outer membrane. Arrows pointing to the space between the two membranes.

8.5.7

28
Q

Proteins destined to localize in the nucleus should have _______

  • Ribonucleoproteins destined to leave the nucleus should have _______
  • NLS and NES are recognized by the receptors at the NPC
A

nuclear localization signal (NLS)

nuclear export signal (NES)

29
Q

Explain this image

A

Electron micrograph of the nucleus, the center of which shows the nucleolus. Lower right inset is a higher magnification of the nucleus revealing the outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelop which exhibits nuclear pores (yellow arrows).

30
Q

True or False: Chromatin is basophilic

A

True, due to high DNA content

31
Q

Explain the image

A
32
Q

What are the three locations of heterochromatin?

8.5.7

A
  • Marginal
  • Karyosomal
  • Nucleolus-associated
33
Q

_________ is Basophilic staining, LM: usually seen near the center of the nucleus, Site of rRNA synthesis, Prominent in protein-producing cells

8.5.7

A

Light micrograph of hepatocytes. Arrow points to nucleolus at the center of the nucleus.

8.5.7

HHP Block 1 (9 decks)

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