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Microbiology > Dr Heaphy > Flashcards

Dr Heaphy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Growth kinetics of microbial culture…

A

1) lag phase - preparation for active growth
2) exponential phase - maximal growth
3) stationary phase - growth = death
4) death phase - nutrient depletion, accumulation of toxic compounds

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2
Q

Ways to measure growth…

A

Serial dilution, plate count CFUs, microscopic count

Indirect methods - turbidity and measuring metabolic activity

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3
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes -

A

-Prokaryotic 70s
Large subunit 50s, small subunit 30s

-Eukaryotic 80s
Large subunit 60s, small subunit 40s

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4
Q

Biggest bacteria -

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships

Based on RNA sequencing

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6
Q

Smallest bacteria -

A

Mycoplasma

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7
Q

Transformation =

A

Uptake of DNA released into environment by death of bacteria

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8
Q

Transduction -

A

Phage-dependent carry over of bacterial DNA from one infected cell to the next

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9
Q

Conjugation -

A

Plasmid-dependent DNA transfer between bacteria

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10
Q

Virus =

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

Rod shaped or spherical

20-400nM = submicroscopic

Lack genetic info and the can’t do protein synthesis

The outer surface responsible for recognition of the host cell.

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11
Q

Prions =

A

Associated with infectious and inherited disease

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12
Q

Determine virus structure using…

A

X Ray crystallography

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13
Q

Capsid function…

A

Outer shell of a virus,

to protect the fragile nucleus acid from shearing, uv irradiation

Recognition of the host cell

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14
Q

Phases of virus replication:

phase 1) eclipse phases:

A

1) Eclipse phase - low amounts of parental infectious material present
Genome replication has been initiated
Duration = min/hours

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15
Q

Phases of virus replication:

Phase 2) maturation phase:

A

2) maturation phase - viral material accumulates in cell or surrounding medium
Cells infected with lytic viruses die, viral production stops = Numbers slowly decrease
Cells infected with non lytic viruses can continue to produce particles

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16
Q

Bacteria :

A 
Prokaryotic 
No nucleus
Genome is present in cytoplasm
Small
Simple cellular organisation 
Sting petidoglycen cell wall 
Binary fission replication
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17
Q

Gram positive bacteria -

A

Cell wall is thicker and contains more petidoglycen

= stains purple with crystal violet stain

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18
Q

Gram negative bacteria -

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall = doesn’t stain purple with crystal violet
When a counterstain is used stains pink

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19
Q

viral replication:

A

1) Attachment and penetration
2) Uncoating = the virus expresses its genome
3) nucleic acid and protein synthesis
4) Assembly and exit via cell lysis or budding through cell membranes

20
Q

eukaryotic cells only translates monocistronic messages. Virus must therefore …

A

make a polyprotein which can be cleaved,
or have a different message for each protein
or make sure that polycistronic messages can be read e.g. internal initiation sites can be used.

21
Q

pathogens =

A

micro-organisms that cause disease

viruses, bacteria, fungi including yeasts and amoebae

22
Q

parasites =

A

larger pathogens e.g. Plasmodium.

23
Q

Opportunistic pathogens -

A

do not normally cause disease
live in host as commensals
may cause disease when body is compromised

24
Q

Salmonella -

A

typhoid fever, invades gut wall, enters blood and lymph systems, systemic spread

25
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis -

A

induces tubercles that result in necrosis of lung tissue and possible systemic spread via blood-stream

26
Q

HIV -

A

causes AIDs = reduces immunological defence.

27
Q

Horizontal transmission =

A 
aerosols 
coughing or sneezing
water droplets 
fragments of mucus expelled
ingestion of contaminated food/water
by vector
bodily contact
sexually transmitted diseases
28
Q

Vertical transmission =

A

from mother to offspring

29
Q

Transmission not sufficient to cause infection…

A

…also need breach host defence mechanisms.

30
Q

example of course of infectious disease:

A

1) Contact
2) Incubation period - no symptoms, pathogen reaches site of infection, reproduces to critical population size.
3) Prodromal period - general symptoms of distress.
4) Acute phase - specific symptoms appear.
5) Crisis - body temp reaches dangerous level, death possible.
6) Decline period - immune system prevents virus replication, profuse sweating releases excessive heat.
7) Convalescence - restoration of normal health, can have life-long immunity.

31
Q

Innate immunity =

A

immediate response
Non-specific
general barriers to infection

e.g. skin, fever, Body secretions, mucous membranes, inflammation

32
Q

Adaptive immunity =

A

A more specific response with memory characteristics

33
Q

neutrophils =

A

Engulf bacteria - phagocytosis and

Kill them

34
Q

mast cells =

A

release histamine, increase lymph flow, recruit immune cells

35
Q

genome =

A

all the cellular DNA in an organism

36
Q

Genome assembly relies on…

A

…identifying overlapping sequences

37
Q

B lymphocytes -

A

plasma cells = Make antibodies

B memory cells = immunological memory

38
Q

T lymphocytes -

A

T helper cells = release cytokines that stimulate B cells and stimulate phagocytosis

T killer cells = kill host body cells that display a foreign antigen

T memory cells = long term immunity

39
Q

antigen =

A

molecules on the surface of a pathogen that will trigger the specific immune response

40
Q

cytokines =

A

cell signalling molecule that are produced by phagocytes to inform body it is under attack

41
Q

opsonise =

A

proteins that bind to the antigen and allow phagocytes to bind

42
Q

phagocytes (neutrophils) =

A

engulfs pathogen by endocytosis
traps it in an phagosome which fuses with a lysosome
and releases lytic enzymes

43
Q

opsonisation =

A

antibody binds and sets off a chain reaction with blood proteins = pathogen bursts

44
Q

agglutination =

A

antibodies join together many pathogens which are easier to engulf

45
Q

anti-toxins / neutralisation =

A

antibodies neutralise toxins produce by pathogens

46
Q

batch culture fermentation =

A

microorganisms + nutrients are added once and products are removed at the end

47
Q

continuous culture fermentation =

A

nutrients are added and products are removed at regular intervals

Microbiology (3 decks)

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