Dr Clokie

Question 1

archaea and global warming -

Answer 1

archaea in deep-sea marine sediments are responsible for the removal of methane greenhouse gas via anaerobic oxidation

At cold temperatures and high ocean pressure, methane combines with water to form methane hydrate

As oceans warm, this bubbles up, releasing more methane into the atmosphere

Question 2

archaeal membranes =

Answer 2

the archaea have ether bonds connecting fatty acids to molecules of glycerol

Side-chains are branched isoprenes

Different chiral form of glycerol

Question 3

metabolism in archaea -

Answer 3

Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes;
sugars 
ammonia 
metal ions 
hydrogen gas
Some metabolisms such as methanogenesis

Question 4

Protists -

Answer 4

= a eukaryotic microbe that is not an animal, plant, or fungus
e.g. amoeba, slime mould, euglena Unicellular
Lack cell walls
free living or parasitic
aquatic

Question 5

Fungus like protists; oomycete plant pathogen -

Answer 5

Phytophthora infestans = causes blight in potatoes

Question 6

fungi -

Answer 6

chitin cell walls
produce spores
Form a tight phylogenetic cluster; e.g. Moulds, Yeasts, Mushrooms
replicate by budding

Question 7

Facultative Parasite:

Answer 7

An organism that lives AND CAN COMPLETE ITS LIFECYCLE independent of a host but may occasionally be parasitic under certain conditions

Question 8

Obligate Parasite:

Answer 8

A parasite that cannot lead an independent nonparasitic existence

Question 9

Opportunistic Parasite:

Answer 9

A parasite that takes advantage of certain opportunities to cause disease. Many lie dormant in the host and when the immune system is reduced they become active again

Question 10

fungi: Dermatophyte infections…

Answer 10

Athletes foot = Moulds that grow on keratin

Question 11

1) trophozoite

Answer 11

is the feeding stage of a protozoan parasite

Question 12

2) Schizogony

Answer 12

is the process of asexual reproduction during which the nucleus undergoes division
produces daughter cells known as merozoites

Question 13

3) Gametocytes

Answer 13

are derived from merozoites, are cells that are capable of developing into gametes

Question 14

Intermediate Host

Asexual Life cycle

Answer 14

Infection through eating oocysts or tissue cysts

Multiple rounds of fast asexual division (tachyzoites)

Tachyzoites transform into Bradyzoites

Bradyzoites, divide slowly and form cysts (infective)

Question 15

Common Coccidian

Sexual Life cycle

Answer 15

Multiple rounds of schizogony (depends on parasite species)

Microgamete (male) fertilises Macrogamete (female)

Oocysts can sporulate in host or externally depending on species

Question 16

Congenital Disease in humans =

Answer 16

Woman infected during pregnancy can transfer parasite to fetus

Question 17

Malaria:

Answer 17

Caused by the Plasmodium parasite
vector = female Anopheles mosquito (bite to get blood for egg production)
tropical climates
transmitted via blood or congenital
parasite multiples in red blood cells = burst

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life

Question 19

bacteria that use citrate as a carbon source

Answer 19

Enterobacter faecalis and Enterobacter aerogenes

Question 20

bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

Answer 20

Psedomonas putida and Enterobacter faecalis

use catalase test = bubbles if oxygen produced
(use oxidase test = filter paper turns purple)

Question 21

waste water =

Answer 21

liquid derived from domestic/industry sewage that cannot be discharge into streams due to health, economic and environmental or aesthetic reasons

Question 22

cholera =

Answer 22

vibrio cholerae occurs naturally in plankton = causes diarrhoea, vomiting

Question 23

water treatment:

Answer 23

1) preliminary treatment = removes solid debris
2) primary treatment = fine screening and sedimentation tanks remove insoluble particles
3) secondary treatment = microbial decomposition of organic content
4) advanced treatment = chlorination