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Dermatology > DR: Abnormal skin > Flashcards

DR: Abnormal skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Define abrasion

A

superficial removal of the epidermis

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2
Q

Define abscess

A

Localised collection of pus in a cavity formed by necrosis of tissue. Dermal or stratum corneum accumulation of pus

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3
Q

Define acantholysis

A

Loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis (especially stratum
spinosum: acanthus = thorn, spine)

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4
Q

Define acanthocyte

A

Epidermal cell free in vesicle or pustule caused by acantholysis

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5
Q

Define acanthosis

A

Hyperplasia of stratum spinosum

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6
Q

Define acariasis

A

Infestation with any mites

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7
Q

Define acral

A

Pertaining to the distal parts of the body

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8
Q

Define actinic

A

Referring to the harmful effects of ultraviolet light

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9
Q

Define adnexa

A

Cutaneous appendages (hair, claws and glands). Plural adnexae

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10
Q

Define allergen

A

A substance capable of initiating an allergic response

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11
Q

DEfine allergy

A

hypersensitivity reaction initiated by specific immunological
mechanisms

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12
Q

Define alopecia
Histopathology
Example

A

Absence of hair in an area where it is normally present
HISTO: various, follicular atrophy or dystrophy if hairgrowth disrupted, may be inflammatory patterns if alopecia is traumatic
EXAMPLE = endocrine usually causes atrophic pattern. FAD cats often lead to traumatic alopecia

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13
Q

Define anagen

A

Growth phase of hair cycle

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14
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

An exaggerated immune response to a foreign protein

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15
Q

Define annular

A

ring-shaped

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16
Q

Define anthropophilic

A

With a preference for man; dermatophytes

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17
Q

Define atopy

A

Strictly ‘strange disease’. Popularly an inherited hypersensitivity state
mediated by reaginic antibody

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18
Q

What is an auriscope

A

Synonym for ‘otoscope’

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19
Q

Define bulla
Histopathology
Example

A

A large vesicle or blister (>1cm), contains clear fluid
HISTO: intra or subepidermal separation without marked cellular accumulation, often viral infection or autoimmune disease
EXAMPLE: FMDV, BP

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20
Q

Define calcinosis

A

Accumulation of calcium crystals in the skin

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21
Q

Define callus

A

Hypertrophy of the epidermis, especially over pressure points

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22
Q

Define catagen

A

Transition phase of the hair cycle

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23
Q

Define cellulitis

A

Used to described chronic, deep bacterial infection of the dermis and
subcutis with a diffuse, rapidly spreading, suppurative response
dissecting along and through tissue planes

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24
Q

Define cerumen

A

The wax like secretions of the apocrine glands of the ear canal

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25
Q

Define comedo

A

Plugged (with keratinous debris) and dilated hair follicle, (pl. comedones). = blackheads. devoid of hair
HISTO = follicular keratinisation defects, +/- hair growth arrest
EXAMPLE dogs with Demodex. Also Cushings, Hypothyroidism, primary defects of keratinisation, idiopathic seborrhoea

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26
Q

Define cornification

A

The maturation process of epidermal cells (syn. keratinisation)

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27
Q

Define crust
Histopathology
Example

A

Solid accumulation of exudate on the skin surface. serocellular or haemorrhagic
HISTOPATHOLOGY: ulceration or exocytosis of inflammatory cells through epidermis, +/- spongiosis
EXAMPLE: canine scabies

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28
Q

Define cutis

A

The whole skin

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29
Q

Compare and contrast follicluitis with furunculosis

A
  • FOLLICULITIS = inflammation of a follicle
  • FURUNCULOSIS = inflammation and destruction of a follicle. E.g. perianal fistula and/or furunculosis in GSD. Deep pyoderma causing furunculosis.
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30
Q

Define demodicosis

A

A skin disease associated with infestation with Demodex mites

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31
Q

Define dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin

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32
Q

Define dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibres by a single dorsal
spinal root also the lateral part of an embryonic somite. In surgery,
instrument for removing thin slices of skin for grafting.

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33
Q

Define dermatomycosis

A

Fungal disease of the skin (any fungus)

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34
Q

Define dermatophyte

A

A fungus parasite of skin, hairs or nails of the genera Microsporum,
Trichophyton or Epidermophyton

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35
Q

Define dermatosis

A

A pathological condition of the skin

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36
Q

Define dyskeratosis

A

Abnormal, premature or imperfect keratinisation of keratinocytes

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37
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormality of development. Also alteration in size, shape and
organisation of adult cells

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38
Q

Define dystrophy

A

Wrong growth

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39
Q

Define ecchymosis

A

Dermal haemorrhage greater than 1 cm diameter

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40
Q

Define epidermal collarette

Example

A

A peeling edge of epithelium surrounding an ulcer or erosion. (the footpad of a pustule, a secondary lesion. In dogs, most commonly caused by Staph). I.e. a circular lesion with a peripheral rim of scale. secondary lesion as evolves from pustule
EXAMPLE: canine pyoderma

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41
Q

Define epidermolysis

A

Degeneration of the epidermal basal layer resulting in separation of
the epidermis from the dermis

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42
Q

Define erosion

Example

A

Superficial ulcer involving only epidermis and healing without scarring. The dermo-epidermal junction is intact. SECONDARY LESION. e.g. drug eruption

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43
Q

Define erythema

A

Reddening of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries

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44
Q

Define excoriation
Histology
Example

A

linear trauma often with erosions and ulcers caused by self trauma
HISTOLOGY: if associated with pruritius, can expect various patterns of skin inflammation, especially perivascular dermatitis
EXAMPLE: feline FAD

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45
Q

Define exfoliation

A

The shedding of leaf-like scales or layers

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46
Q

Define fissure

A

Linear cleavage into epidermis or dermis caused by disease or injury

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47
Q

Define follicular cast
Histopathology
Example

A

An accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres/is compressed to the hair shaft extending above the follicular ostia.
HISTO: follicular keratinisation defect
EXAMPLE Demodecosis, idiopathic seborrhoea, endocrine disease

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48
Q

Define furunculosis

A

Rupture of hair follicles associated with severe inflammation

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49
Q

Define geophilic

A

Pertaining to organisms that normally inhabit the soil

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50
Q

Define glabrous

A

Strictly smooth, referring to hairless skin, popularly relatively hairless

51
Q

Define granuloma

A

A circumscribed tissue reaction where the histiocyte is the

predominant cell type

52
Q

Define gynaecomastia

A

Enlargement of the male mammary gland

53
Q

Define hyperhidrosis

A

Increases sweating

54
Q

Define hyperkeratosis

A

An increased thickness of the stratum corneum (sacling, non-living layers).

55
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

increase in stratum spinosum thickness (i.e. living layers) - stimulated by inflammatory cytokines, almost irrespective of cause.

56
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

Describes objectively reproducible symptoms or signs initiated by
exposure to a defined stimulus at a dose tolerated by normal persons

57
Q

Define hypotrichosis

A

Less than the normal amount of hair

58
Q

Define intertirginous

A

Rubbing against each other. Used to refer to areas in which the skin
layers opposed one against the other e.g. axilla

59
Q

Define intertrigo

A

Frictional inflammation in poorly ventilated areas e.g. skin folds

60
Q

Define keratinocyte

A

Epidermal cell undergoing maturation

61
Q

Define keratolytic

A

Promoting loosening or separation of cells of the stratum corneum

62
Q

Define keratoplastic

A

Promoting ordered keratinisation of stratum corneum. Term is also
used in a different sense in relation to plastic surgery of the cornea

63
Q

Define keratosis

A

A condition of excessive development of horny tissue

64
Q

Define kerion

A

A nodular, moist, circumscribed infection of the skin and hair follicles
with fungi or bacteria

65
Q

Define lentigo

A

When describing a single lesion - a flat, spot due to increased melanin
deposition and an increased number of melanocytes. Plural is
“lentigenes”.

66
Q

Define leukoderma

A

Lack of skin pigmentation

67
Q

Define leukotrichia

A

Lack of hair pigmentation

68
Q

Define lichenification
Histology
Example

A

A thickening of the superficial layers of the skin characterised by exaggerated crevices. Accentuation of normal skin markings leading to elephant skin appearance. SECONDARY LESION
HISTOLOGY: epidermal hyperplasia and superficial dermal inflammation
EXAMPLE: chronic, poorly controlled allergic diseases

69
Q

Define macule
Histopathology
Example

A

Circumscribed change in skin colour less than 1 cm in diameter.
HISTO: erythema or pigment disturbance
EXAMPLE: loss of pigment in vitiligo

70
Q

Define melanoderma

A

Inreased skin pigmentation

71
Q

Define melanotrichia

A

Abnormal (increased) hair pigmentation

72
Q

Define miliary

A

Resembling a millet seed

73
Q

Define mycetoma

A

Localized deforming tumour with sinus tracts and ‘grains’ or ‘granules’
of the aetiological agent. 2 distinct groups: actinomycetic mycetomas
associated with bacterial filaments of 1 um diameter or less, and
eumycotic mycetomas (eumycetoma) associated with septate, hyphae
of at least 2-4 um diameter. Diagnosis dependent upon demonstration
of the sinuses and granules. When granule is composed of a pure
population of non-filamentous bacteria, a diagnosis of bacterial
granuloma (‘botryomycosis’) should be made.

74
Q

Define myxoedema

A

A localised mycotic or actinomycotic infection of skin characterised by
a nodular lesion with sinus tracts and granules in the exudate.

75
Q

Define necrolysis

A

Necrosis of epidermal cells leading to separation or exfoliation of
tissue due to necrosis

76
Q

Define nevus

A

A circumscribed developmental defect of the skin

77
Q

Define nikolsky sign

A

Ability to dislodge normal looking epidermis by sliding digital
pressure The dermo-epidermal junction is taken out to be able to do this therefore it is a pathological finding.

78
Q

Define nodule
Histopathology
Example

A

A circumscribed, solid elevation > 1 cm in diameter that usually extends into the deeper skin layers
HISTOPATHOLOGY: dense accumulation of neoplastic or inflammatory cells in dermis and/or pannniculus
EXAMPLE: MCT, mycobacterial skin infection

79
Q

Define onychogryphosis

A

Deformed overgrowth of nails

80
Q

Define onychomadesis

A

Complete shedding of nails

81
Q

Define onychomycosis

A

Fungal nail infection

82
Q

Define onychorrhexis

A

A breakage or brittleness of a nail

83
Q

What is an otoscope?

A

Instrument for examining the ear

84
Q

Define papule
Histopathology
Example

A

= Solid elevation of skin less than 1 cm diameter (nodule if >1 cm)

  • HISTO: dense accumulation of inflammatory cells in superficial and/or deep dermis
  • EXAMPLE: flea bite allery
85
Q

Define parakeratosis

A

Abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain nuclei

86
Q

Define paronchia

A

Inflammation of the tissue fold around the nail bed

87
Q

Define patch
Histopathology
Example

A

A macule more than 1 cm in diameter (a macule is a circumscribed change in skin colour less than 1cm in diameter)
HISTO: erythema or pigment disturbance
EXAMPLE: loss of pigment in vitiligo

88
Q

Define pediculosis

A

Infestation with lice

89
Q

Define petechia

A

Haemorrhage of less than 1 cm diameter

90
Q

Define pigmentary incontinence

A

Release of melanin granules into the superficial dermis

91
Q

Define plaque

A

Flat topped swelling more than 1 cm diameter

92
Q

Define pruritus

A

Intense and persistent itchiness (note spelling)

93
Q

Define pseudomycetoma

A

‘Dermatophyte pseudomycetoma’ is a confusing term used to describe
a form of dermatophytosis this is, amongst veterinary species,
primarily reported in Persian cats with M. canis as the aetiological
agent. ‘Fungal granuloma caused by M. canis’ or ‘granulomatous
dermatitis and panniculitis caused by M. canis’ fit more closely with
the accepted disease nomenclature than ‘pseudomycetoma’.

94
Q

Define pustule

A

A small circumscribed elevation of the epidermis filled with pus (c.f. abscess where pus accumulates in the dermis or the subcutaenous tissue).
HISTO: dense accumulation of neutrophils (or eosinophils) within epidermis or superficial dermis
EXAMPLE: canine pyoderma

95
Q

Define scale
Histopathology
Example

A

An accumulation of fragments of stratum corneum
HISTOPATHOLOGY: hyperkeratosis, induced by wide arrange of processes
EXAMPLE: idiopathic seborrhoea

96
Q

Define scar

A

An area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue

97
Q

Define spongiosis

A

Intercellular oedema in the epidermis

98
Q

Define telogen

A

The resting phase of the hair cycle

99
Q

Define ulcer

Example

A

A break in the continuity of the epidermis with exposure of the underlying dermis but with intact basement membrane. e.g. BP

100
Q

Define vesicle
Histopathology
Example

A

A blister less than 1 cm diameter, contains clear fluid, a circumscribed elevation of the skin
HISTO: intra or subepidermal separation without marked cellular accumulation, often viral infection or autoimmune disease
EXAMPLE: FMDV, BP

101
Q

Define vitiligo

A

Depigmentation in focal areas where melanocytes are absent

102
Q

Define wheal

A

A sharply demarcated raised lesion caused by dermal oedema. A more extensive wheal is known as angioedema (affects whole body region)

103
Q

Define zoophilic

A

Pertaining to organisms adapted to animals

104
Q

List different ways skin can react

A 
Change of colour
 Rash
 Change of thickness
 Abnormal material on surface
 Hair loss
 Defect in integrity
 Lump or swelling
105
Q

What are common Ddx for erythematous circles 3 (i.e. points of inflammation expanding outwards)

A

Staphylococcal erythema
Flea bite hypersensitivity
Fly bites

106
Q

Ddx - skin change of colour to black 3

A
  • Post-inflammatory/ chronic inflammation - esp. allergic dx & Malassezia dermatitis
  • Tanning
  • Hormonal
107
Q

Causes - skin change of colour from black to grey

A

Loss of melanin from epidermis into dermis. Certain dx with focus on epidermis

108
Q

Causes - skin change of black to white/ pink

A

Loss of melanocytes (insult or idiopathic)

109
Q

What should you decide if you see red skin?

A

erythema or rash

110
Q

Define rash

A

collection of skin lesions - diffuse or confluent (e.g. erythema, papules, pustules, crusted papules/ pustules, colarettes)

111
Q

Ddx - papules

A 
Staphylococcal pyoderma
 Flea bite hypersensitivity
 Scabies
 Atopic dermatitis
 Fly-bite hypersensitivity
 Contact dermatitis
112
Q

Example of crusted papule

A

miliary dermatitis

113
Q

Ddx - pustules

A
  • Staphylococcal pyoderma*
  • Demodecosis
  • Pemphigus
  • Other rare sterile pustular disorders
114
Q

What is an epidermal collarette the remnant of?

A

a papule or pustule in Staph pyoderma

115
Q

What might be seen with epidermal collarettes?

A

Circular scaling
+/- central alopecia
+/- peripheral erythema
+/- central hyperpigmentation

116
Q

What is increased epidermal thickness?

A

lichenification

117
Q

What is increased dermal thickness?

A

infiltration with cells or mucin

118
Q

What is decreased skin thickness caused by? Tx?

A

Due to atrophy. Tx is steroids.

119
Q

What abnormal material might be present on the skin surface?

A
  • excessive scale - surface scaling or follicular cast
  • exudate - crust
  • sweat, lipid
120
Q

What are the patterns of alopecia?

A
  • diffuse/partial/total
  • focal/regional
  • multifocal
  • symmetrical
121
Q

Causes of circular hair loss - 3

A
  • staph folliculitis
  • demodex
  • dermatophytes
122
Q

Name 5 defects in skin integrity

A 
Fissure
 Excoriation
 Erosion
 Ulcer
 Draining tracts
123
Q

Causes of erosions/ ulcers

A 
self-trauma
 Physical/chemical insult
 Infection
 Auto-immune dx
• primary, or secondary to vesicles/bullae
 vasculopathy
 tumour
124
Q

What may cause draining tracts?

A

Process in/under skin ‘trying to get out’

Infection, foreign body, necrosis

Dermatology (27 decks)

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