DPT 5000 Quiz 2- Motor Control Flashcards
What is motor control?
- ABILITY TO REGULATE OR DIRECT THE MECHANISMS ESSENTIAL TO MOVEMENT.
- Neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement.
- Study of how and individual controls movement already acquired.
Motor control addresses what questions?
- How does CNS coordinate muscle and joint movement?
- How is sensory info from the environment and body used to direct body movement?
- How can mvmnt problems be identified, categorized, and diagnosed in patients with motor control problems?
Why study motor control?
PTs are “movement specialists”!
What you understand about MC & where it works will drive what kind of intervention you will use.
Nature of Movement
(Remember illustration of the 3 circles)
Task
Individual
Environment
All overlap and this overlap is Movement
Individual Factors of Movement
- Perception
- Cognition
- Action (motor)
Perception
The integration of sensory info into meaningful biologically relevant information (site, hearing touch, etc.)
Can be Regulatory or Adaptive
Regulatory vs. Adaptive perception
Regulatory- shaping ongoing movement
(changing our movement to what we see)
Adaptive- influencing future movement
(making adjustments based on what you view from previous movement)
Cognition
The ability to process, sort, retrieve, and manipulate info.
Includes: attention, alertness, selectivity, effort, motivation, memory, emotional aspects.
Book def: attn, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects.
Types of attention
- Sustained attn: ability to maintain attn over time
- Selective attn: ability to decide what you pay attn to.
- Alternating attn: ability to switch tasks.
- Divided attn: pay attn to multiple things @ one time.
Action
Neuromuscular control–> motor output
Coordinated control of muscles an joints during execution of a function movement.
Relationship between Cognition, Perception, and Action and Body Systems
Continuum:
- Sensing
- Perceiving
- Interpreting
- Conceptualization
- Strategy/ Plan
- Activation
- Execution
Task Considerations:
Stability vs. Mobility
Stability- non-moving base of support
i.e. Sitting or Standing
Mobility/Transport- moving base of support
i.e. walking or running
Task Considerations:
Manipulations continuum
Ranges from none, simple, to complex
Environmental Constraints:
Regulatory vs. Non-regulatory
Regulatory Conditions- aspects of environment to which movement must conform (shapes the movement). People, objects, etc.
Non-regulatory Conditions- aspects that may interfere with successful movement but do not constrain. i.e. noise, distractions, lighting.
Regulatory Conditions
Stationary vs. in Motion
Regulatory-Stationary: i.e. moving from sit to stand in a classroom chair. Chair height is stationary but you must adapt to it.
Regulatory-Motion: i.e. moving from sit to standoff a Swiss ball. Ball is moving and you must adapt to that while completing the task.
Regulatory Conditions:
Variability vs. Non-variability
regulatory-variability: walking on grass/ uneven surface
regulatory- non-variability: walking on PT gym floor, even surface.
Open Tasks vs. Closed Tasks
Open- occur in environment in which the regulatory conditions are in motion and variable.
Closed- occur in environments in which regulatory conditions are stable and without variation.
3 Levels of Movement Analysis
- Action
- Movement
- Neuromotor
Analysis: Action
Outcome of the task (was the goal accomplished?)
Analysis: Movement
Analyzing the movement strategy that resulted in the task being successful or unsuccessful (was the movement executed as planned?)
Analysis: Neuromotor
Underlying processes that make movement happen.
Cerebral Cortex
- highest level of motor control
- identifies targets in space, chooses plan of action, and programs movement
- specifices muscle groups
- sends plan to spinal cord
Primary Motor Cortex
- Communicates w/ all components of the motor system
- Somatotopic Organization
- Function organization (movement not individual muscles)
- Origin of the corticospinal tract
Motor Planning Areas
Supplementary Motor Area
Pre Motor Cortex
Supplementary Motor Area
- coordinating voluntary movements
- governs postural adjustments
- complex motor patterns
- unilateral & bilateral influence
Pre- Motor Cortex
Complex movements using multiple joints.
Movements that require visual guidance
Basal Ganglia
Activated b4 movement
Initiation of movement
Planning mvmnt strategies
Coordination of mvmnt b4 or after it happens
Involved in cognitive and motivation components of task.
Pre-motor cortex
Affects timing of mvmnt
Parkinson’s Disease–>disorder of basal ganglia
Cerebellum
- Motor Modulation
- Helps maintain upright posture
- -> Synergy of mvmnt
- Force range of movements
- Coordination
- Muscle tone
- Activated as mvmnt is happening
Synergy of Movement
Cerebellum puts it all together and fine-tunes movement.
Compares actual movement to intended movement
Adjusts movements as necessary.
Motor Modulation (Cerebellum)
Adjusts motor output by comparing input vs. output.
Detects errors.
