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DPT 5000 > DPT 5000 Quiz 2- Cell Physiology/Homeostasis > Flashcards

DPT 5000 Quiz 2- Cell Physiology/Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms function.

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2
Q

Effects of PT treatment @ cellular level

A
  1. Muscle Cells
  2. Nerve Cells
  3. Epithelial Cells
  4. Connective Tissue Cells
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3
Q

Levels of Cellular Organization

A
  1. Single cell division & growth
  2. Differentiation
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ Systems (10 in body)
  6. Total organism
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4
Q

Types of Cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic (bacterial)

2. Eukaryotic cells (animals and plants)

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5
Q

Overall structures inside the cell

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm- everything else
    A) cell organelles
    B) cytosol- fluid surrounding organelles
  3. Plasma Membrane
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6
Q

Functions of Cell Membranes

A

1) Selective Barrier
2) Detect chemical messengers
3) Link adjacent cells/ anchor cells to extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins
  2. Proteins (ion channels, signals, cell shape)
  3. Carbohydrates (short sugar chain/cell identification)
  4. Cholesterol (vesicle formation)
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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Storage & transmission of DNA

  • nuclear envelope (allows RNA & proteins to move between nucleus and cytoplasm)
  • chromatin (DNA-protein threads)
  • Nucleolus (contains DNA for ribosomal RNA)
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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes- cell protein factories
RER- Rough ER (has ribosomes; package proteins)
SER- Smooth ER (no ribosomes; lipid synthesis; CA++ ion storage)

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened membranous sacks

  • modifies proteins from rER
  • sorts into transport vesicles

i.e. sort neurotransmitters to be sent out of cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Make ATP by cellular respiration

muscle cells –> lots of mitochondria!

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain highly acidic fluid+digestive enzymes

breaks down bacteria, dead cell debris, etc.

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13
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains cell shape and produce cell movement

  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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15
Q

Cell Function

A

1) Chemical Rxns
2) Movement across Membrane
a) diffusion/osmosis
b) facilitated diffusion/ active transport
c) endocytosis & exocytosis

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16
Q

Chemical Rxns

A

Catabolism
- breaking chemical bonds

Anabolism
- forming new chemical bonds & molecules

Require the transfer & balance of matter and energy.

17
Q

Chemical Rxns: Law of Chemistry and Physics: Reaction Rate Affected by…

A
  1. Reactant conc. (higher=faster)
  2. Activation energy (higher energy require= slower rate)
  3. Temperature (higher= faster rate)
    i.e. fever –> increases speed of immune syst.
  4. Catalyst (present= faster rate)
    Enzyme- protein catalyst
18
Q

Enzymes and Cofactors

A

Enzymes- proteins that lower activation energy and increase rxn rate

Cofactors- binds to enzyme & allows it to function

19
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from region of high conc. to region of low conc.

20
Q

Diffusion Flux & Rate

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Molecule size
  3. Surface area of membrane
  4. Medium moving through (air faster than water)
  5. Distance (larger distance= slower diffusion)
21
Q

Osmosis

A

net diffusion of water across membrane

  1. isotonic
  2. hypotonic
  3. hypertonic
22
Q

Other ways to cross membrane

A
  1. Ion diffusion through protein channels
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
23
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

A

Endocytosis-plasma membrane folds into cell & produces membrane-bound vesicle (pinocytosis, phagocytosis)

Exocytosis- vesicle fuses w/ plasma membrane & releases contents into extracellular fluid.

24
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintain stable internal environmental conditions.

Feedback and Feedforward

25
Q

Feedback

A

negative- increase or decrease in variable causes response to move variable back toward original value (i.e. drop in body temp –> body shivers returns body temp to original value)
positive- less common; actually accelerates a process (i.e. child birth/ contractions & oxytocin release)

26
Q

Feedforward

A

Anticipates changes in regulate variabls and acts to minimize them (i.e. smell food –> stomach increases acid content).

27
Q

Feedback –> Reflexes

A

Stimulus causes autonomic response
Built-in: unlearned (pull away from hot stove)
Acquired- result of learning (driving)

pathways are not exclusive to nervous system

28
Q

Cellular Communication

A
  1. hormones (though blood)
  2. neurotransmitters (through nerves)
  3. paracrine agents (via diffusion on local cells)

Autocrine

DPT 5000 (4 decks)

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