DPD 1 + 2 : Fundamentals of Histology Flashcards
What type of cell is associated with acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What type of cells are associated with chronic inflammation? What may be another cause of high numbers?
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Lymphoma
How may a lymphoma look histologically?
Lymphocytes in sheets that all look the same
monoclonal proliferations
Describe the appearance of eosinophils
Red granules
Bi lobed nucleus
What are eosinophils associated with?
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease
Describe the appearance of mast cells
Granulated cells
Large nuclei
What are mast cells associated with?
Inflammation
Allergic reactions
Defense against pathogens
What is the main function of macrophages?
Phagocytosis
What are macrophages associated with?
Late acute inflammation Chronic inflammation (including granulomas)
What type of cells are seen with a Ziehl-Neelson stain?
Acid bast bacteria e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What characterises squamous cell carcinomas histologically?
Keratin production
Intercellular bridges
What characterises adenocarcinomas histologically?
Mucin production + secretion
Gland formation
List 6 sights of origin of squamous cancers?
Skin Head + neck Oesophagus Anus Cervix Vagina
List 5 sights of origin of adenocarcinomas?
Lung Breast Stomach Colon Pancreas
What are 2 main types of stains?
Histochemical: dyes to identify certain structures
Immunohistochemical: monoclonal antibodies to specific antigens, identifies specific structures of tumours
What stain is used to identify amyloid?
Congo red with apple green birefringence when viewed under polarised microscopic light
What tissue comprises a teratoma?
Any 3 layers of embryo
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Where can teratomas be found?
Commonest in ovaries + testes
Can be found anywhere germ cells used to exist (posterior dorsal ridge)
How do ovarian and testicular teratomas differ?
Ovary (more common): majority BENIGN
Testes: majority MALIGNANT
What determines the grading of teratomas?
Amount of immature primitive neural tissue
How may you stain a neuroendocrine cell?
General: Chromogranin
Specific hormone produced e.g. Gastrin
Where do the majority of NE tumours arise?
GIT 60%: small intestine + rectum
Lung + bronchus 20-30%
How are NE tumours graded?
On number of mitoses + Ki67
Ki67 is a marker of how many cells are actively proliferating
Name 3 syndromes of hyper secretion
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Gastrin
Carcinoid syndrome: serotonin
Insulinoma: Insulin
