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YR6: GASTRO > DPD 1 + 2 : Fundamentals of Histology > Flashcards

DPD 1 + 2 : Fundamentals of Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell is associated with acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

What type of cells are associated with chronic inflammation? What may be another cause of high numbers?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Lymphoma

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3
Q

How may a lymphoma look histologically?

A

Lymphocytes in sheets that all look the same

monoclonal proliferations

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils

A

Red granules

Bi lobed nucleus

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5
Q

What are eosinophils associated with?

A

Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of mast cells

A

Granulated cells

Large nuclei

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7
Q

What are mast cells associated with?

A

Inflammation
Allergic reactions
Defense against pathogens

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8
Q

What is the main function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

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9
Q

What are macrophages associated with?

A 
Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation (including granulomas)
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10
Q

What type of cells are seen with a Ziehl-Neelson stain?

A

Acid bast bacteria e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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11
Q

What characterises squamous cell carcinomas histologically?

A

Keratin production

Intercellular bridges

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12
Q

What characterises adenocarcinomas histologically?

A

Mucin production + secretion

Gland formation

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13
Q

List 6 sights of origin of squamous cancers?

A 
Skin
Head + neck
Oesophagus
Anus
Cervix
Vagina
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14
Q

List 5 sights of origin of adenocarcinomas?

A 
Lung
Breast
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
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15
Q

What are 2 main types of stains?

A

Histochemical: dyes to identify certain structures
Immunohistochemical: monoclonal antibodies to specific antigens, identifies specific structures of tumours

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16
Q

What stain is used to identify amyloid?

A

Congo red with apple green birefringence when viewed under polarised microscopic light

17
Q

What tissue comprises a teratoma?

A

Any 3 layers of embryo
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

18
Q

Where can teratomas be found?

A

Commonest in ovaries + testes

Can be found anywhere germ cells used to exist (posterior dorsal ridge)

19
Q

How do ovarian and testicular teratomas differ?

A

Ovary (more common): majority BENIGN

Testes: majority MALIGNANT

20
Q

What determines the grading of teratomas?

A

Amount of immature primitive neural tissue

21
Q

How may you stain a neuroendocrine cell?

A

General: Chromogranin

Specific hormone produced e.g. Gastrin

22
Q

Where do the majority of NE tumours arise?

A

GIT 60%: small intestine + rectum

Lung + bronchus 20-30%

23
Q

How are NE tumours graded?

A

On number of mitoses + Ki67

Ki67 is a marker of how many cells are actively proliferating

24
Q

Name 3 syndromes of hyper secretion

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Gastrin
Carcinoid syndrome: serotonin
Insulinoma: Insulin

YR6: GASTRO (61 decks)

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