DOY - Prelims Flashcards
What is the sequence of eruption for the permanent maxillary teeth?
6 1 2 4 5 3 7
What is the sequence of eruption for the permanent mandibular teeth?
6 1 2 3 4 5 7
What are the characteristics of mixed dentition?
- elongation of permanent root
- resorption of primary root
- occlusal movement of permanent teeth
- growth of alveolar process
Teeth that replace primary teeth
Successional teeth
Those permanent teeth that erupt posteriorly to the primary teeth and does not follow any teeth
Accessional teeth
What are the two stages in Mixed dentition
Early and late mixed dentition
Also known as the ugly ducking phase that is prominent from ages 8-10
Flaring of upper incisors
It is a transient / self-correcting
malocclusion seen in the maxillary
incisor region between 8 - 9 years of
age
Ugly duckling stage
A phenomenon in the ugly duckling stage
Broadbent phenomenon
How to resolve the ugly duckling stage
eruption of the permanent canines
This difference between the amount of space needed
for accommodation of the incisors & the amount of space available for this is called
Incisal Liability
In the exchange of incisors which one is larger
Permanent incisors
How to overcome incisal liability
- Interdental spacing of primary incisor
- inter canine arch width growth
- Labial positioning of the permanent incisors
- Favorable size ratio between primary and permanent
incisors
Good ____ of
primary incisors allows for
better alignment of the
larger permanent incisors.
interdental spacing
increased ___
creates more room for the
permanent incisors
intercanine width
mandibular intercanine width
increases mostly during
___ eruption
permanent incisor
Permanent incisors erupt to a more labial position and are angled more labially, thereby
increasing the ___
arch length
favorable size ratio of primary and permanent incisors
Large primary and small permanent
Resolution of distal flaring
with the eruption of canine
The combined mesiodistal width of the permanent canines and pre-molars is usually less than that of the primary canines and molars. This surplus space is called
Leeway space
Leeway space in the maxilla
1.8 mm
Leeways space in the mandible
3.4 mm
What is the the difference between the sum of the mesiodistal crown widths of the primary canines and molars and that of their successors, the permanent canines and premolars?
Leeway space
present between lateral incisor and canine in upper
and canine and deciduous first molar in the lower
Primate space
present between the deciduous incisors;
spaces present in primary dentition helps in the
alignment of the permanent incisors.
Interdental spaces
Mesial migration of the erupting mandibular permanent molar and uses the mandibular primate space
Early mesial shift
Late mesial shift of the lower permanent 1st molar occur by utilising of ____, where the mandibular 1st molar moves in a mesial direction after loss of the second deciduous molar to achieve cusp to groove relationship
leeway space
Flush terminal plane may lead to
Class 1, Class 2, and end-to-end
Mesial step may lead to
Class 1 and Class 3
Distal step leads to
Class 2
General shape of the palatal arch in the permanent dentition determined by the shape of the underlying basal bone
U-shaped
This diverts food away from the gingiva to prevent it form being traumatized
Facial and lingual curvatures
the highest point of a curve or the greatest convexity or bulge
Crest of curvature
The crest of curvature is Found in the ___ on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth
middle 1/3 of the crown
Location of the crest of curvature on the crowns
where a tooth touches the adjacent tooth
Functions of the contact areas
- Stabilize the tooth within
the alveolus - Help prevent food impaction
- Protect the interdental
papilla
Distal contacts are more cervical than mesial contacts except ___ where the mesial contact is more cervical and
mandibular
4s
____
where the mesial and distal contacts are at the same level
mandibular centrals
Contact areas of all anterior teeth except Maxillary canine
Mesial contacts are in the incisal 1/3
Contact area of maxillary canine
at the junction of the incisal and middle 1/3
Contact area of all posterior teeth
Mesial contacts are at or near the
junction of the middle and
occlusal 1/3
A v-shaped spaces above the contact ares of teeth viewed from the occlusal or incisal aspect
embrasures
Larger embrasures
Lingual embrasures
Incisal or occlusal
embrasures are ____ and ____ on anterior
teeth but broad on the
posterior teeth
shallow incisocervically; narrow faciolingually
Other name for interproximal space
cervical or gingival embrasure
Triangular space between
adjacent teeth cervical to
their contact
Interproximal space
Contact of flattened or level
surfaces
surface contact
Mandibular cusp tip contacts the maxillary flat surface in
premolars
Mandibular cusp tip
contacts the ___ ___
of a maxillary cusp in
molars
mesial incline
crush and cut food as they are directed past the opposing shear cusps and cutting ridges toward an occlusal fossa
Stamp cusps
Responsible for maintaining the vertical dimension of occlusion
stamp cusps
act as centric stops during contact with the opposing stamp cusps and they minimize tissue impingement
shear cusps
give stability to mandible by providing a tight and definite occlusal relationship when teeth occlude (maximum intercuspation)
shear cusps
For every
occluding tooth,
three contact points
are seen in what shape
tripodization
every tooth contact on inclined
surface is counteracted by
another___ __
inclined surface
Most effective stabilizer of alignment
Cusp and fossa apposition
Mesiolingual cusp of all mandibular molars are in apposition with the lingual embrasures of the ____
maxillary
molars
Triangular ridges of the buccal
cusps of the maxillary molars
are accommodated into the
buccal grooves of the
mandibular molars
4 ridges of a cusp
Outer incline (facial or
lingual ridge)
Inner incline (triangular
ridge)
Mesial cusp ridge
Distal cusp ridge
area contained within the mesial and distal edges of the occlusal surface
Occlusal table
What causes the deviation of the central groove of the Mandibular first molar
have extra long triangular
ridges on the distofacial
cusps
____ ___of a
maxillary molar is much
larger than the mesiofacial
cusp
Mesiopalatal cusp
The distal cusp ridge of the
___ cusp of the
maxillary first molar fuse
with the triangular ridge of
the distofacial cusp to form
the ___
mesiopalatal;oblique ridge
They contact the opposing
tooth in intercuspal position
Supporting cusps
They support the vertical
dimension of the face
Supporting cusps
They are nearer the facio lingual
center of the tooth than non
supporting cusps
Supporting cusps
They have broader, more
rounded cusp ridges than non
supporting cusps
Supporting cusps
Location of the supporting cusps in the maxilla
located on the maxillary
lingual occlusal line
Location of the supporting cusps in the mandible
mandibular
facial occlusal line
They are more robust and
better suited to crushing food
than non supporting cusps
supporting cusps
The lingual tilt of the posterior
teeth ____ the relative
height of the supporting cusps in comparison to the non supporting cusps
increases
They form a lingual occlusal line in the mandibular arch and a facial occlusal line the maxillary arch
non-supporting cusps
They overlap the opposing
teeth without contacting
them
non-supporting cusps
Location of the non-supporting cusps
in the
embrasures or in the
developmental groove of
the opposing teeth
They have sharper cusp ridges
non-supporting cusps
They overlap of the cusps helps keep the tongue and cheeks out from the occlusal table
non-supporting cusps
anteroposterior curve of the occlusal plane
curve of spee
___ ____curve from
the canine to the last molar
in the maxilla
Upwardly convex
___ ____ curve
from the canine to the last
molar in the mandible
downwardly concave
side to side curve
Curve of Wilson
Composed of all the structures involved in oral functions such as
mastication, deglutition , speech and respiration.
Human Masticatory Apparatus
HMA components include
Dental, Neuromuscular, Skeletal
Contact relationships of the teeth resulting from neuromuscular control of the masticatory system.
Occlusion
occlusion as the causative factor in formation of lesions
Traumatic Occlusion
treatment occlusion; counteract structural relationships related to traumatic occlusion
Therapeutic Occlusion
The contact of teeth in opposing dental arches when jaws are closed and the mandible is NOT MOVING
Static Occlusion
the contact of teeth in opposing dental arches during various jaw movements
Dynamic occlusion
Good occlusion includes
Optimal function and absence of disease
Factors that affect occlusion
- Functional forms of teeth
- arrangement of teeth within the dental arches
- relationship between the maxillary and mandibular arches
- the TMJ , muscles , nerves and ligaments
The science that deals with the functions of the human masticatory apparatus
and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes
involved.
Oral physiology
The principal clinical functions in which the oral structures participate include:
Mastication
Deglutition
Respiration
Speech
the field of dentistry that deals with the entire chewing apparatus, including its
anatomic, histologic, physiologic, and pathologic characteristics
Gnathology
deals with the masticatory apparatus as a whole
Gnathology
the process by which food is crushed and ground
by teeth (incising and chewing) and mixed with
saliva to form a bolus in preparation for
swallowing
Mastication
the process in the human body that
makes something pass from the
mouth (through the tongue) to the
pharynx, and into the esophagus,
while shutting the epiglottis and the
nasopharynx
Deglutition
the process by which organisms take
up oxygen and discharge carbon
dioxide in order to satisfy the body’s
energy requirements.
process of inhalation and
Respiration
the ability to speak the language
fluently and articulately – verbal means of
communicating
Speech
The part of the tooth covered by
enamel is referred to as the
anatomic crown
refers to any
part of the tooth that sticks out
into the oral cavity. It may be
shorter or longer than the
anatomic crown
clinical crown
The process whereby a developing tooth bodily moves through the jaw bone
and overlying mucosa to its functional position in the oral cavity.
Active Eruption
The process whereby the clinical crown of a tooth increases in size because of
apical recession of the surrounding tissues rather than bodily movement of the
tooth.
Passive eruption
is the
portion of the gingiva or gums
that attaches the gums to the
enamel, or the surface of the
tooth. It is at the base of the
sulcular epithelium
Junctional Epithelium
- At the different stages of passive
eruption, the location of the
_____ ____ changes.
junctional epithelium
Anatomy of Speech
Brain, power source, vibrator, resonators
The speech center of the anatomy of speech
Brain
Power source of the anatomy of speech
Lungs
The vibrator which is responsible for the sound waves
Larynx
The resonators for articulatory parts
Nose, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx
includes the soft palate
(velum) as well as the
pharynx and the side and
back walls of the throat.
velopharyngeal valve
The purpose of velopharyngeal complex
to separate
the oral and nasal cavities
during swallow
3 phases of speech
CNS phase, Respiratory phase, Phonetics phase
Control of vocal intensity is
performed by adjustments in the flow of air by using the ____ muscles to create a more forceful flow past the vocal folds.
abdominal
Types of sounds produces
Consonants and vowels
Difference between the Infant and Adult Vocal
Tract
1.there is an apparent descent of the larynx,
the hyoid bone and the tongue
2.disengagement of the VP contact
3.Lengthening of the vocal tract with a
decrease in the oro-laryngo-pharyngeal
angle
is the complex process by
which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth.
Odontogenesis
Stages of odontogenesis
Initiation stage, Calcification, Eruption, resorption and exfoliation
This stage consists of the invagination of dental lamina and cellular proliferation
Initiation stage
Actual deposition
Calcification
Movement of teeth from bony socket to the occlusal area
Eruption
Factors affecting eruption
- Hereditary
- Nutritional
- Environmental
- General physical condition of the individual
- Physiologic activity of BMR
Anatomical Stages of Eruption
- Pre-eruptive
- Intra-alveolar
- Intra-oral
- Occlusal
weaning away of
the root surface of the primary tooth
Resorption
natural shedding
of tooth to give way for
eruption of permanent tooth
eruption
Functions of the primary teeth
- Maintenance of space and arch continuity
- Maintenance of normal facial appearance
- Sustenance of the child
- Normal speech development
Anatomical characteristics of the primary dentition
*20 in number
*White; bluish white
*Smooth labial crown surfaces
Characteristics of the primary dentition
- Absence of mamelons on
incisal edges - Prominent cervical ridges
- Crowns are wider MD than CI
- Shallow molar occlusal anatomy
- Absence of mamelons on incisal edges
- Prominent cervical ridges
- Crowns are wider MD than CI
- Shallow molar occlusal
anatomy - Thinner, more uniform enamel covering
- Thinner proportion of dentin
- Large pulp cavities
- Pulp chambers are much less elongated
- Enamel rods at cervical area slope occlusally
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
NORMALLY DEVELOPING
PRIMARY OCCLUSION
Spaced anterior
primate spaces
Shallow overjet and overbite
Almost vertical inclination of
teeth
Flush / Straight terminal plane
Class I molar and cuspid
relationship
Ovoid arch form
- minimal muscle hyperactivity
- limited stress to the system
Physiologic occlusion
occlusion as the causative factor in formation of lesions
Traumatic occlusion
treatment occlusion; counteract structural relationships related to traumatic occlusion
Therapeutic Occlusion
the contact of teeth in
opposing dental arches
when jaws are closed and
the mandible is NOT
MOVING
Static occlusion
the contact of teeth in opposing
dental arches during various jaw movements.
Dynamic occlusion
The ____ side is the side of the mandible towards which the mandible is moving
working
The ____ side is the side of the mandible away from which the mandible is moving.
non-working
Optimal function
absence of disease
Good occlusion
