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CRAAB 6 > Downing: Urinary System > Flashcards

Downing: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Eliminate UREA and NITROGENOUS waste
  2. Maintain FLUID blance
  3. Maintain SALT balance
  4. Control acid-base balance
  5. ENDOCRINE fxn
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3
Q

How mechanisms does the kidney use to carry out its functions?

A
  1. filtration of blood plasma
  2. passive diffusion
  3. active secretion
  4. selective reabsorption
  5. exchange of hydrogen ions/formation of ammonia through acid-base regulation
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4
Q

What are the three layers of the capsule? What are their characteristics?

A

Innermost- capsule covers surface of kidney
middle- thick layer of fat
outermost- ct which binds kidney to surface structures

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5
Q

What passes through the hilus?

A

Renal artery
renal vein
nerves and lymphatics

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6
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

renal corpuscles

medullary rays

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7
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

6-18 pyramids (base lies adjacent to cortical tissue; tips (renal papillae) point towards minor calyces of renal pelvis

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8
Q

What is the area cribrosa?

A

Tip of the papilla

Perforated by 10-25 small openings where hte terminal segments of the uriniferous tubules open into the minor calyx

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9
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

Cortical substance that extends BETWEEN the medullary pyramids

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10
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A 
Cavity/potential space occupied by:
Renal pelvis
major and minor calyces
AVNL
LCT/fat
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11
Q

What does a kidney lobe consist of?

A

Medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue

GROSSLY visible

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12
Q

What does a kidney lobule consist of?

A

Straight tubules in a medullar ray and the cortical substance immediately surrounding the tubules.

MICROSCOPICALLY visible

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13
Q

What does the parenchyma consist of?

A

uriniferous tubules and blood vessels

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14
Q

What does a nephron do?

A

forms urine

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15
Q

What are the two layers of bowmans capsule?

A 
Parietal layer (capsular epithelium)
Visceral layer (glomerular epithelium)
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16
Q

Where is the parietal layer in bowmans capsule and what is it composed of?

A

Simple squamous

Begins where visceral layer is reflected at the vascular pole and is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule at the urinary pole

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17
Q

What ishte visceral layer composed of?

A

PODOCYTES that are closely applied to the GLOMERULAR endotehlium (separated only by a thick basal lamina)

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18
Q

What are the two distinct poles of bowmans capsule?

A
  1. vascular (eff and aff arterioles enter and exit)

2. Urinary (parietal epith is continuous with cuboidal epith of prox CT)

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19
Q

What is the capsular space in bowmans capsule?

A

Lumen of hte tubule between the visceral and parietal epithelial layers.

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20
Q

Where does glomerular filtrate originally enter?

A

Capsular space (continuous with lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule)

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21
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Arterial vascular aparatus

Aff arterioles> fenestrated capillaries> capillaries reunite and form the eff arteriole

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22
Q

What composes the visceral epithelial layer of bowmans capsule?

A

Podocytes

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23
Q

What are hte components of a podocyte?

A
  1. Primary processes
  2. Secondary processes- interdigitate w/ elements of corresponding processes and surround the basal lamina of capillary endotehlium. Creates slit pores).
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24
Q

What are the components of the filtration apparatus?

A
  1. Capillary endotehlium (fenestrated capillaries)
  2. Basal lamina (find proteins and glycoprotein matrix)
  3. Slit pores (between adjacent interdigitating foot processes of podocytes)
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25
Q

How do the endothelial pores act as a barrier in the filtration apparatus?

A

Stop CELLULAR components of blood and large particles of plasma

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26
Q

How does the basal lamina act as a barrier in the filtration apparatus?

A
  1. holds back LARGE molecules

2. Hold back some CHARGED molecules

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27
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Similar to a pericyte–occur where adjacent capillaries are close together so that podocytes can’t totally surround them

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28
Q

What do mesangial cells do?

A
  1. keep glomerular filter free of debris
  2. provide support where basement membrane is lacking
  3. basement membrane turnover
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29
Q

What makes up the bulk of the renal cortex?

A

Proximal convultuted tubule and proximal straight tubule

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30
Q

What are tubules comprise of?

A

Simple high cuboidal OR

two columnar epitheliium

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31
Q

How is the cytoplasm of cells comprising the tubules unique?

A

More acidophilic than other tubules

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32
Q

What is seen on electron microscopy of proximal tubules?

A
  1. BRUSH BORDER (closely packed microvilli)- FUZZY
  2. Apical canaliculi
  3. Lateral cell membranes are highly folded
  4. MITOCHONDRIA in basal half of cell
  5. Basal processes of cells undermine each other and make it look like there is extensive infolding (striations)
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33
Q

What percent of water and NaCL is reabsorbed from the tubule?

A

65%

Na is ACTIVELY transported out, Cl and water follow

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34
Q

What else is reabsorbed in the tubule?

A

Glucose and amino acids

Proteins via pincocytosis

35
Q

What happens to the epithelium in the thin segment of the loop of Henle?

A
  1. APRUPT change from simple cuboidal to SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
  2. Brush border stops
  3. Nuclei bulge into lumen of the tubule
36
Q

What surrounds the thin segment of the loop of Henle?

A

Capillares- vasa recta

Efferent vessels of the juxtamedullary glomeruli

37
Q

What happens to the epithelium of the distal straight tubule (thick segment)?

A
  1. EpithelIum becomes SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
  2. LESS acidophilic
  3. LARGE LUMEN than proximal
  4. MORE NUCLEI seen around circumference of tubule.
38
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Eliptical disc of elongated cells in wall of ascending limb where it contacts the afferent arteriole

39
Q

Where does the distal convoluted tubule begin?

A

At the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

40
Q

How does the distal convoluted tubule differ from the proximal tubules?

A

Less acidophilic

similar to ascending thick segment

41
Q

What does ADH do in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

INCREASES permeability of cells to water>

forms concentrated urine

42
Q

What does hte arched region of the collecting tubule do? Where is it?

A

Cortical location

Receives urine from distal convoluted tubule

43
Q

What does the straight region of the collecting tubule do? Where is it?

A

Medullary rays and medulla

Unites with adjacent tubules as they run toward hte renal papillae>
form larger collecting ducts called papiallry ducts

44
Q

What do papillar ducts do?

A

Open on the area cribrosa at the apex of each papila

45
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal to low columnar

46
Q

What are the two types of cells in the epithelium of collecting tubules?

A
  1. Light cells (CD cells)

2. Dark cells (IC cells)

47
Q

Which cells of the collecting tubules play a role in acid base balance by resorption/secretion of bicarbonate and acid?

A

Dark cells

48
Q

Describe the nuclei and cytoplasm of a collecting tubule.

A

Nuclei- one level

cytoplasm- clear/light staining

49
Q

What is the function of the collecting tubule?

A 
Water resorption (ADH)
Acid base balance
50
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Specialized cells

Wall of AFF arteriole (among smth muscle cells)

51
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells contain?

A

renin

52
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Densely packed cells of the distal tubule

53
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

A

Adjacent to juxtaglomerular cells at the vascular pole

54
Q

Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

In the angle between aff and eff arterioles at vascular pole of the glomerulus

55
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Maintain BP

56
Q

How does the JGA maintain bp

A

Decrease in BP>
less stretch>
JG cells secrete renin

Jg cells respond to FALLING bp

57
Q

What does the macula densa do in the distal tubule?

A

Monitors the NA concentration

58
Q

What happens to Na when there’s low BP?

A

Decrease BP>
Decrease in plasma Na conc>
low plasma Na>
renin release

59
Q

What does angio II do directly?

A

Constricts arterioles> increased BP

60
Q

What does angio II do indirectly?

A

Stimulates zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex> release aldosterone> distal kidney tubles> Na/Water resorption> increased BP

61
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply.

A 
Renal artery>
interlobar aretery>
arcuate artery>
interlobular artery>
aff arteriole>
glomerular capillaries>
eff arteriole
62
Q

Describe the path from the juxtamedullary glomeruli to the renal vein.

A 
Juxtamedullary glomeruli>
vasa recta>
arcuate vein>
interlobar vein>
renal vein
63
Q

Describe the path from the juxtacapsular or mid cortical glomeruli to the renal vein.

A 
Juxtacapsular glomeruli>
cortical peritubular capillary network>
justacapsular region>
stellate veins>
interlobular veins>
arcuate veins>
interlobar vein>
renal vein
64
Q

What are the two types of vasa recta?

A
  1. Arteriolae rectae (descending vessels, CONTINUOUS epithelium)
  2. Venae rectae (ascending vessels, FENESTRATED epithelium)
65
Q

What is the nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

SNS> vasoconstriction

66
Q

How does constriction of afferent arterioles affect filtration rate/urine production?

A

REDUCES filtration rate and DECREASES urine production

67
Q

How does constriction of efferent arterioles affect filtration/urine prodution?

A

INCREASES filtration and INCREASES urine production

68
Q

What does a loss of SNS innervation do?

A

Leads to increased urinary output

69
Q

Is extrinsic nerve supply essential for normal renal function?

A

NO- transplanted kidneys function normally

70
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucosa of the ureter?

A
  1. Epithelium (transitional)
  2. Basement membrane
  3. lamina propria- well developed
71
Q

What are the 4 layers of the ureter?

A

Mucosa
submucosa
muscular coat
adventitia

72
Q

Describe the muscular coat of the ureter.

A

Upper 2/3- two layers of smooth muscle (inner-longitudinal, outer- circular)

Lower 1/3 (outer, longitudinal)

73
Q

How do peristlatic waves affect the ureter?

A

Move urine down from renal pelvis to bladder

74
Q

What is the adventitia of the ureter composed of?

A

Fibroelastic CT
Rich blood supply/lymphatic vessels
nerve plexuses (some sensory fibers)

75
Q

What are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder?

A

Mucosa
submucosa
uscular wall
adeventitia

76
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium (transitional)
  2. basement membrane
  3. lammina propria
77
Q

What are the three distinct layers of the muscular coat of the bladder?

A
  1. inner longitudinal
  2. middle circular
  3. outer longitudinal
78
Q

What forms the internal urethral sphincter?

A

The middle circular layer of hte muscular coat ( thickened around orifice of the urethra)

79
Q

What forms the adventitia of the bladder?

A

fibroelastic tissue

80
Q

What plexus innervated the bladder?

A

Sympathetic

Sends numerous fibers into muscular coat

81
Q

HOw long is the female urethra?

A

short (2-3 cm)

82
Q

What are the components of the female urethra?

A
  1. Mucosa (transitional near bladder and stratified squamous the rest of hte way)
  2. muscular wall (primarily smooth muscle w/ some mixing with skeletal at end)
83
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

LONG 18-20 cm

  1. Prostatic portions (transitional epi)
  2. membranous portion (stratified columnar)
  3. Cavernous portion (stratified columnar but becomes stratified squamous at end)

CRAAB 6 (9 decks)

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