double science memorizable stuff Flashcards
what is the definition of a solvent
the liquid in which a solute dissolves
what is the definition of a solute
the substance which dissolves in liquid to form a solution
what is the definition of a solution
the mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent
what is the definition of a saturated solution
a solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent
what is the definition of an element
a substance made of atoms that all contain the same number of protons and cannot be split into anything simpler
what is the definition of a compound
A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
what is the definition of a mixture
a combination of two or more substances that aren’t chemically combined
what is the definition of a pure substance
a substance that has a fixed melting and boiling point
what is the definition of an atom
the smallest particle of an element that contains electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons
what is the definition of a molecule
A group of two or more atoms chemically combined to form an idetifiable unit which retains the properties and composition of the substance
reaction of lithium with water
- relatively slow reaction
- fizzing
- lithium moves on the surface of the water
reaction of sodium with water
- more vigorous fizzing
- moves rapidly on the surface of the water
- dissolves quickly
reaction of potassium with water
- reacts more vigorously than sodium
- burns with a lilac flame
- moves very rapidly on the surface
- dissolves very quickly
Colour and property of (halogen) fluorine
yellow gas
Colour and property of (halogen) chlorine
gas - pale yellow green gas
Colour and property of (halogen) bromine
liquid - red brown liquid
Colour and property of (halogen) iodine
solid - grey solid
reactivity series order
please send lions, cats, monkeys and cute zebras into hot countries signed gordon.
potassium,sodium,lithium,calcium,magnesium,aluminium,carbon,zinc,iron,hydrogen,copper,silver,gold
colour of litmus
In acid:
red
in alkali:
blue
colour of phenolpthalein
In acid:
colorless
In alkali:
pink
colour of methyl orange
In acid:
red
In alkali:
yellow
prepare a soluble salt
1) add excess insoluble base to the acid
2) filter to remove unreacted base
3) heat the solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain
prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper sulfate crystals starting from copper oxide
1) heat acid until warm, then add metal base stirring constantly until it stops dissapearing
2) filter mixture to remove excess base, transfer solution to evaporating basin
3) evaporate water from solution using a bunsen burner until crystals appear
4) remove evaporating basin from heat and allow filtrate to dry and crystallize
Test for ammonia
- hold litmus paper near the mouth of the test tube
- damp red litmus paper turns blue
Test for carbon dioxide
-bubbling gas through an aqeous solution of limewater
- if the gas is co2 limewater turns cloudy
Test for chlorine gas
- litmus paper
- if chlorine gas is present, damp blue litmus paper will turn red and the be bleached white
Test for hydrogen gas
- hold a burning splint at the open end of a test tube of gas
- if the gas is hydrogen, it burns with a loud squeaky pop
test for oxygen
- consists of placing a glowing splint inside a test tube of gas
- if the gas is oxygen, the splint will relight
test for lithium
- flame test
- red
test for sodium
- flame test
- yellow
test for potassium
- flame test
- lilac
test for calcium
- flame test
- orange-red
test for copper
-flame test
- blue-green
Test for (metal ion + sodium hydroxide) copper
- aqeuous solution
- light blue precipitate formed
Test for (metal ion + sodium hydroxide) iron 2+
- aqeuous solution
- green precipitate formed
Test for (metal ion + sodium hydroxide) iron 3+
- aqeuous solution
- brown precipitate formed
test for carbonate ions
- add dilute acid
- bubble the gas release through limewater
- limewater turns cloudy if the carbonate ion is present
test for halide ions
- acidify the sample with nitric acid
- add silver nitrate solution
- a silver halide precipitate forms if a halide ion is present
chloride ion - white precipitate of silver chloride
bromide ions - cream precipitate of silver bromide
Iodine ions - yellow precipitate of silver iodide
test for sulfate ions
- acidify the sample with dilute hcl
- add a few drops of barium chloride solution
- a white precipitate of barium sulfate is formed, if the sulfate ion is present
chemical test for water
- anhydrous copper sulfate turns from white to blue on the addition of water
homologous series
a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group
functional group
a group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologus series
isomers
compounds that have the same molecular formula but diffeerent displayed formula
process of fractional distillation in crude oil
1) crude oil is heated and vaporised
2) the vapour of hydrocarbons enter the column which has a temperature gradient
3) the vapours of hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense at the bottom of the column
4) the vapours of hydrocarbons with lower boiling points rise up the column and condense at the top
cracking conditions
- 600-700 degrees
- catalyst - silica or aluminia
bromine water test
- when bromine is added to an alkane, it will remain as am orange solution
- when added to alkene bromine becomes colorless
