Dot points for the WO essay

Question 1

SS?

Answer 1

Pelicans Try Orange Quilts for Comfortable Leisure

-the principle which grants states the autonomy to govern independently without interference

• developed, enshrined - Treaty of Westphalia (1648) - UN Charter (Article 2.7, 1948).
• ongoing treaties - ‘Geneva Conventions (1949)’ with 196 signatories
• Oxford University (1995) - “quality attributed to states by other states and therefore the notion itself exemplifies global political goodwill,”
• Rwandan Genocide of 1994 where the lack of intervention due to SS saw over 800,000 people murdered in 100 days

Question 2

R2P?

Answer 2

Rhino’s Are Cunty Unicorns Lacking Magic

• response to the Rwandan Genocide - ‘R2P’ 2005 - aims to uphold national autonomy, obligating the int. community respond to gross humanitarian abuse
• R2P’s directive - “collective responsibility to protect human populations (Jennifier Welsh of the UN, 2005).
• effectiveness - ‘UN Resolution #1973 on Colonel Gaddaffi in Libya (2011) who surrendered within 48 hours after R2P’s implementation
• since R2P’s use in Libya there has been little use - NATO’s implementation of R2P in Libya - no fly zone under Operation Unified Protector - death of 72 civilians
• lack of usage since Libya - R2P “shattered” (Foreign Policy, 2021)
• not being used in Syrian war - NY Times article ‘R2P RIP’

Question 3

UN?

Answer 3

CUGSI
- chief IGO globally
- created under the ‘UN Charter 1948’
- UNGA, UNSC, ICJ
- UNGA → 193 nations, affects UNSC decision - eg condemning UNSC lack of action over Syria

• UNSC - 15 members, 5 permanent, veto power - UNSC Resolution 2166 - Russia supported when “shooting down” - “downing” → “idealist” not “realist” (Euro News)
• ICJ - Israel decisions in 2024 - prevent “public incitement to commit genocide,” military to ensure with “immediate effectiveness” to stop genocidal acts

Question 4

NPT

Answer 4

NPT-SLIM

Super Simplified Summary:
* NPT prevents Cold War-style conflicts, widely supported (191 signatories).
* Success: South Africa disarmed.
* Limits: Relies on mutual trust → North Korea left in 2003, keeps nuclear weapons.
* Key idea: Small nuclear nations can still disrupt WO (Waltz).
* Overall: Strong at promotion, moderate at maintenance.