Dot Point 4 Flashcards
Most sensitive =
Is the most accurate measure of memory, it provides more cues, making it easily to retrieve a memory
Least sensitive =
Is the least accurate measure of memory, it provides less cues making it harder to retrieve a memory
Define Recognition
Identifying the correct information from among alternatives.
Multiple choice questions - easier than recall as it provides cues which enable retrieval from LTM
therefore, it is a more sensitive measure than recall
Define and explain Recall
Involves being asked to reproduce information with the fewest possible cues to aid retrieval
It is the least sensitive measure of retention
What are the 3 types of recall?
Free recall
Serial recall - least sensitive
Cues recall - most sensitive
Explain free recall
When participants are simply asked to remember as much as they can with minimal cues in any order
E.g learn a list of 15 words and recall them in any order
Explain series recall
Recalling information in the order in which it is presented
E.g list the 7 steps of psychological research in order
Explain cued recall
Prompts or cues are provided to assist the retrieval process
E.g being given the first letter of the AFL a teams
Define and explain relearning (savings method or method of savings)
Involves learning something again that has been previously committed to memory
Usually much easier and quicker a second time
It is the most sensitive measure or retention as it is able to measure so,e memory of information even when an individual is unable to do so, through recall an recognition
Calculating a saving score
Trials for original learning - trials for learning / trials for original learning
What is the encoding specificity principle
It states that the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely it is that the information will be recalled
What are the 2 main conditions that can assist retrieval ?
The learners external environment or context (context dependent cues)
Th learners internal/physical condition or state (state dependent cues)
What were the results of Godden and Baddeley (1975) experiment?
Divers who learnt on land, recalled the words twice as well on land than underwater
Divers who learnt underwater recalled the words twice as well underwater than non land
What was the conclusion of Godden and Baddeleys study?
The context in which something is learned can act as a retrieval cue
What are Mnemonic devices
Are techniques for enhancing our ability to encode and retrieve information
What are the 3 Mnemonic devices and how do they enhance memory retrieval?
Acrostics - each letter at the start of each word in the sentence for as a cue for each item we wish to recall in the correct order
Acronym - each letter becomes a cue for each item we wish to recall in the correct order
Narrative chaining - each word in the phrase, rhyme or poem, provides a cue to aid your retrieval of each item you wish to recall the correct order as they are connected in a meaningful way
What is a leading question?
Is a question that has content or is phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer
E.g. How fast was the car travelling when it ran the stop sign?
What was the aim of Loftus and Parkers (1974) study?
To investigate the influence of leading questions on memory
What was the procedure of Loftus and Parkers study
Shown climes of car accident
Participants were asked to write a description of what happened
Also asked a specific question - including a critical question about the speed of the vehicles
IV and DV of Loftus and Parkers study
Iv - whether the verb in the critical question was changed
E.g about how fast were the cars going when they smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted each other?
DV - was the estimated speed in m/hr that the cars were travelling
Results of Loftus and Parkers study
It was found that the verb used in the critical question influences the estimated speed the cars were travelling
E.g the most intense verb ‘smashed’ brought the highest speed estimate and the least intense verb ‘contacted’ bringing the lowest speed estimate
Conclusion of Loftus and Parkers study
Leading questions clearly influence a persons memory of an event
THEY LEAD THEM TO reconstruct their memory of the event, by incorporating information provided to them after the event occurred
What was the aim of Loftus and zanni’s study Of 1975?
To investigate the influence of leading questions on memory
What was the procedure of Loftus and zanni’s study
Randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions
All viewed a 1 minutes film that included a 4 second scene of a multiple car crash
Participants then asked questions about the study
1 week later they were asked “did you see any broken glass p?” Hidden among other questions (there was no glass)
What were the IV and DV of Loftus and Zanni’s study ?
Iv - whether the participant was asked about ‘how fast were the cars travelling when they smashed or hit each other” or were not asked a question about the speed of the vehicles (control)
DV - whether the participants believed broken glass was present
Results of Loftus and zanni’s study
Again the verb used in the question affected the estimated speed given
Smashed - 10.46 hit - 8
What conclusions were drawn from Loftus and zanni’s study
1st participants formed a memory of the crash
The new ‘false’ information supplied ‘after’ the event is then integrated with this memory
E.g smashed or hit
Therefore creating a new “reconstructed” or “distorted” memory
What is the relative sensitivity of measures
The sensitivity of a measure is its ability to assess the amount of information stores in LTM
