Dosage Forms Flashcards
Define dosage forms
means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body
List some of the needs of dosage form
1.accurate dosage
2. protection of API from environment &gastric juices
3.Masking taste & odour
4.Sustained & controlled release
5.optimal drug action
6. insertion of drugs into body ( e.g revtum)
7. use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs
How are dosage forms classified ?
- Route of administration ( oral , topical , inhaled , opthalmic)
- physical form ( solid , semisolid , liquid , gaseous )
Define Tablet & shape
Hard compressed medication , round , oval /square
Define an excipient & what is includes
- binder , glidants ( flow aids ) & lubricants = efficient tabletting
- Disintegrants = break up tablet in digestive tract
- Sweetener = mask bad taste of API
4.Pigments = attraction
Why are some drugs coated
- Mask taste
- smooth + easy swallow
- more resistance to environment
- extend shelf life
Types of tablets
- buccal & sublingual
- effervescent
- chewable tablets
Advantages of buccal & sublingual tablet + examples
- rapidly dissolve through mucous membrane into bloodstream
2.avoid first pass effect ( metabolism in liver)
examples : vasodilators , steroidal hormones
List everything you know effervescent tablet
- content
- what releases ?
-uncoated tablet
Content : acid ( citric & tartaric) & bi/carbonates
- dissolved in water = release co2
- pleasnt tasting carbonated medication
Chewable tablet
- use
chew prior to swallow
Use : giving vitamins to children
Capsules - made from what + purpose?
Made; gelatin container
purpose : mask unpleasant taste
Types of capsules
1.Hard shelled = dry, powered
2. Soft shelled = oil , API dissolves in oil
Lozenges
solid preparation consisting of sugar & gum
use: medication for throat & cough
Purpose of sugar & gum in lozenges
Strength + cohesivness to lozenge , allowing for slow release
Pastilles
-bases ?
-solid
-dissolve slowly in mouth
-softer than lozenges
Bases : glycerol & gelatin OR acacia & sugar
Dental cone
role?
tablet placed in empty socket following tooth extraction
Role: prevent local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria
- anti/septi/microbial
Granules
-admin?
-type?
solid, dry aggregates of powder particles
Admin = swallow w water / dissolve in water
Type= effervesent granules e.g eno
Types of oral powders
1.bulky powder
2. powder for mixtures
Bulky powder
- multidose preparation
- solid , loose , dry particles
- one / more active ingredients w/wo excipients
- have non potent medication e.g antacids
admin = powder dispersed in water / dissolved (effervescent)
storage powder of mixtures ?
- stored in dry form / appropriate vehicle
Give the types of liquid preparations (9)
- Solution
- Emulsion
- Suspension
4.Syrup - Elixir
6.Linctuses - Oral drops
- Gargles
- Mouth washes
Solution
- one homogenous phase
- one/more active ingredients dissolved in a solvent ( aq/oil)
Admin = all routes
Emulsion
stabilizing oil in water - contain the dissolved API
Suspension
- one /more active ingredients suspended in suitable vehicle
- show sediment - dispersed upon shaking = uniform susp
Syrup
-Concentrated aq soln of sugar ( sucrose)
-mask taste - esp for children
Elixir
-pleasant flavor liquid of potent /nauseous drugs
-high proportion of ehtanol + antimicrobial preservatives , confers stability of the preparation
Linctuses
-condition
-content
-dose
-Viscous , liquid
-condition - relief cough
-content = high syrup + glycerol : has demulcent effect(relieves irritation) on throat
-dose = 5ml : longer effect - taken undiluted
Oral drop
admin = small volumes w suitable measuring device
Types : solution , suspension , emulsion
Gargles
aq soln used to treat throat infections
Preparation : concentrated solution w direction to warm before use
Mouthwashes
- use
similar gargle
use : oral hygeine
Topical dosage forms (13)
- ointment
- cream
- Gels
- poultice
- pastes
- dusting powders
- transdermal patch
8.plasters
9.liniments - lotions
- collodion
- paints
13.inhalers
Ointment
apply?
semi- solid , greasy
Apply: skin , rectum , nasal
- allows application of dissolved medicaments
Creams
semi solid emulsion
Types of creams
1.Oil & water
2.Water in oil
Oil in water cream
-adv ?
small drop oil disperse in continous aq soln
Adv - comfortable , cosmetically pleasing , easy wash off , less greasy
Water in oil creasm
-small drop water dispersed in continous oily phase
-Disad - difficult to handle
- hydrophobic
Types Rectal dosage forms
- Suppository
- Enema
Suppository
-works?
-uses?
cone shape , solid mass
uses : rectum / vaginal
how it works? melts at body temp & have local / systemic action
Enema
- def
- types
introducing liquids into rectum
Types
1.Evacuant
2.Retention
Evacuant enema
use: bowel stimualant for constipation
- uses high volumes (2lt)
- warmed to body temp before admin
Retention enema
- volume not exceed 100ml
-no need warm
uses :
local - barium enema = imaging bowel
Systemic - nutrient enema - when med cannot be deliverrd by mouth such as antiemetics(prevent nausea/vomit)
Parenteral dosage forms (INJECTION)
- types
infusion method - put liquid into body via needle w syringe , pierced through skin
Types
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous
Inhaled dosage forms (inhalers)
-soln , suspension / emulsion of drug in mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in aerosol dispenser
- inhaled through mouth piece
use: lung diseases
Components of drug
API - active pharmaceutical ingredient
excipeints
what is conventional release
dissolution of excipient with release of API
absorbed based on physiochemical properties of API
What is controlled release of drug
releases API under controlled system , obeys zero order kinetics , once a peak concentration is obtained the release is maintained
Advantages of controlled release
- avoid fluctuation of plasma level
- improves safety
- decreases frequency of drug admin so improve compliance
Pessary
solid meted preparation to insert in vagina - dissolve
Types of pessaries
- Moulded - cone shape
2.Compressed = D shapes , made by compression like oral tablets - Vaginal capsules = similar to soft gelatin oral capsules
Liniment
example?
-semi/Fluid, semi/solid - apply on skin
-may be alcoholic/oily solns / emulsion s
- massaged into skin to relieve pain
- NOT applied to broken skin
e.g deep heat
Transdermal patch
first one?
adv?
medicated adhesive patch placed on skin
Adv : provides controlled release of medicament
First = scopolamine (for motion sickness
what are the major types of inhalers
- Metered dose (MDI)
2.Dry powder (DPI)
3.Soft mist (SMI)
what is the classification of mouth wash
oropharyngeal formulation - even tho not designed to swallow
Which of the following dosage forms delivers the API to the GI tract?
a)Rectal suppositories
b)Nasal sprays
c)Vaginal pessaries
d)Eye drops
A - WHY? - rectum is the last part of git
