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Pharmacology - year 2 > Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

Define dosage forms

A

means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body

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2
Q

List some of the needs of dosage form

A

1.accurate dosage
2. protection of API from environment &gastric juices
3.Masking taste & odour
4.Sustained & controlled release
5.optimal drug action
6. insertion of drugs into body ( e.g revtum)
7. use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs

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3
Q

How are dosage forms classified ?

A
  1. Route of administration ( oral , topical , inhaled , opthalmic)
  2. physical form ( solid , semisolid , liquid , gaseous )
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4
Q

Define Tablet & shape

A

Hard compressed medication , round , oval /square

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5
Q

Define an excipient & what is includes

A
  1. binder , glidants ( flow aids ) & lubricants = efficient tabletting
  2. Disintegrants = break up tablet in digestive tract
  3. Sweetener = mask bad taste of API
    4.Pigments = attraction
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6
Q

Why are some drugs coated

A
  1. Mask taste
  2. smooth + easy swallow
  3. more resistance to environment
  4. extend shelf life
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7
Q

Types of tablets

A
  1. buccal & sublingual
  2. effervescent
  3. chewable tablets
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8
Q

Advantages of buccal & sublingual tablet + examples

A
  1. rapidly dissolve through mucous membrane into bloodstream
    2.avoid first pass effect ( metabolism in liver)

examples : vasodilators , steroidal hormones

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9
Q

List everything you know effervescent tablet
- content
- what releases ?

A

-uncoated tablet
Content : acid ( citric & tartaric) & bi/carbonates
- dissolved in water = release co2
- pleasnt tasting carbonated medication

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10
Q

Chewable tablet
- use

A

chew prior to swallow
Use : giving vitamins to children

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11
Q

Capsules - made from what + purpose?

A

Made; gelatin container
purpose : mask unpleasant taste

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12
Q

Types of capsules

A

1.Hard shelled = dry, powered
2. Soft shelled = oil , API dissolves in oil

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13
Q

Lozenges

A

solid preparation consisting of sugar & gum
use: medication for throat & cough

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14
Q

Purpose of sugar & gum in lozenges

A

Strength + cohesivness to lozenge , allowing for slow release

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15
Q

Pastilles
-bases ?

A

-solid
-dissolve slowly in mouth
-softer than lozenges
Bases : glycerol & gelatin OR acacia & sugar

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16
Q

Dental cone
role?

A

tablet placed in empty socket following tooth extraction
Role: prevent local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria
- anti/septi/microbial

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17
Q

Granules
-admin?
-type?

A

solid, dry aggregates of powder particles
Admin = swallow w water / dissolve in water
Type= effervesent granules e.g eno

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18
Q

Types of oral powders

A

1.bulky powder
2. powder for mixtures

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19
Q

Bulky powder

A
  • multidose preparation
  • solid , loose , dry particles
  • one / more active ingredients w/wo excipients
  • have non potent medication e.g antacids
    admin = powder dispersed in water / dissolved (effervescent)
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20
Q

storage powder of mixtures ?

A
  • stored in dry form / appropriate vehicle
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21
Q

Give the types of liquid preparations (9)

A
  1. Solution
  2. Emulsion
  3. Suspension
    4.Syrup
  4. Elixir
    6.Linctuses
  5. Oral drops
  6. Gargles
  7. Mouth washes
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22
Q

Solution

A
  • one homogenous phase
  • one/more active ingredients dissolved in a solvent ( aq/oil)
    Admin = all routes
23
Q

Emulsion

A

stabilizing oil in water - contain the dissolved API

24
Q

Suspension

A
  • one /more active ingredients suspended in suitable vehicle
  • show sediment - dispersed upon shaking = uniform susp
25
Q

Syrup

A

-Concentrated aq soln of sugar ( sucrose)
-mask taste - esp for children

26
Q

Elixir

A

-pleasant flavor liquid of potent /nauseous drugs
-high proportion of ehtanol + antimicrobial preservatives , confers stability of the preparation

27
Q

Linctuses
-condition
-content
-dose

A

-Viscous , liquid
-condition - relief cough
-content = high syrup + glycerol : has demulcent effect(relieves irritation) on throat
-dose = 5ml : longer effect - taken undiluted

28
Q

Oral drop

A

admin = small volumes w suitable measuring device
Types : solution , suspension , emulsion

29
Q

Gargles

A

aq soln used to treat throat infections
Preparation : concentrated solution w direction to warm before use

30
Q

Mouthwashes
- use

A

similar gargle
use : oral hygeine

31
Q

Topical dosage forms (13)

A
  1. ointment
  2. cream
  3. Gels
  4. poultice
  5. pastes
  6. dusting powders
  7. transdermal patch
    8.plasters
    9.liniments
  8. lotions
  9. collodion
  10. paints
    13.inhalers
32
Q

Ointment
apply?

A

semi- solid , greasy
Apply: skin , rectum , nasal
- allows application of dissolved medicaments

33
Q

Creams

A

semi solid emulsion

34
Q

Types of creams

A

1.Oil & water
2.Water in oil

35
Q

Oil in water cream
-adv ?

A

small drop oil disperse in continous aq soln
Adv - comfortable , cosmetically pleasing , easy wash off , less greasy

36
Q

Water in oil creasm

A

-small drop water dispersed in continous oily phase
-Disad - difficult to handle
- hydrophobic

37
Q

Types Rectal dosage forms

A
  1. Suppository
  2. Enema
38
Q

Suppository
-works?
-uses?

A

cone shape , solid mass
uses : rectum / vaginal
how it works? melts at body temp & have local / systemic action

39
Q

Enema
- def
- types

A

introducing liquids into rectum
Types
1.Evacuant
2.Retention

40
Q

Evacuant enema

A

use: bowel stimualant for constipation
- uses high volumes (2lt)
- warmed to body temp before admin

41
Q

Retention enema

A
  • volume not exceed 100ml
    -no need warm

uses :
local - barium enema = imaging bowel
Systemic - nutrient enema - when med cannot be deliverrd by mouth such as antiemetics(prevent nausea/vomit)

42
Q

Parenteral dosage forms (INJECTION)
- types

A

infusion method - put liquid into body via needle w syringe , pierced through skin

Types
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous

43
Q

Inhaled dosage forms (inhalers)

A

-soln , suspension / emulsion of drug in mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in aerosol dispenser
- inhaled through mouth piece
use: lung diseases

44
Q

Components of drug

A

API - active pharmaceutical ingredient
excipeints

45
Q

what is conventional release

A

dissolution of excipient with release of API
absorbed based on physiochemical properties of API

46
Q

What is controlled release of drug

A

releases API under controlled system , obeys zero order kinetics , once a peak concentration is obtained the release is maintained

47
Q

Advantages of controlled release

A
  • avoid fluctuation of plasma level
  • improves safety
  • decreases frequency of drug admin so improve compliance
48
Q

Pessary

A

solid meted preparation to insert in vagina - dissolve

49
Q

Types of pessaries

A
  1. Moulded - cone shape
    2.Compressed = D shapes , made by compression like oral tablets
  2. Vaginal capsules = similar to soft gelatin oral capsules
50
Q

Liniment
example?

A

-semi/Fluid, semi/solid - apply on skin
-may be alcoholic/oily solns / emulsion s
- massaged into skin to relieve pain
- NOT applied to broken skin

e.g deep heat

51
Q

Transdermal patch
first one?
adv?

A

medicated adhesive patch placed on skin
Adv : provides controlled release of medicament
First = scopolamine (for motion sickness

52
Q

what are the major types of inhalers

A
  1. Metered dose (MDI)
    2.Dry powder (DPI)
    3.Soft mist (SMI)
53
Q

what is the classification of mouth wash

A

oropharyngeal formulation - even tho not designed to swallow

54
Q

Which of the following dosage forms delivers the API to the GI tract?
a)Rectal suppositories

b)Nasal sprays

c)Vaginal pessaries

d)Eye drops

A

A - WHY? - rectum is the last part of git

Pharmacology - year 2 (3 decks)

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