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Fourth Year > Dopey Daisy Test > Flashcards

Dopey Daisy Test Flashcards

1
Q

Calf mortality rates by age

A

Perinatal (<48h) = 5-10%

Pre-weaning = 5-10%

Post weaning = 1-2%

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2
Q

6 species causing diarrhoea

A
  1. Rotavirus
  2. E coli (Enterotoxigenic and EPEC)
  3. Coronavirus
  4. Cryptosporidium
  5. Salmonella (mostly dublin)
  6. Coccidia (eimeria spp)
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3
Q

Common agents causing diarrhoea in early days

A

Rotavirus
E. Coli (k99 enterotoxigenic)

Crypto starts slightly later

Others bubble away in the background thorughout

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4
Q

ETEC age affecting, incubation period

A

1-3d of age
Incubation 12-24 hours

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5
Q

ETEC pathophysiology

A

Produces k99 adhesion antigen and heat stable enterotoxin
Colonisation in lower GIT causing disruption to K+, HCO3- and Cl- ion secretion (low bicarb and chloride ions)

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6
Q

ETEC diarrhoea type

A

Secretory diarrhoea - watery
Absorption also impaired

It colonises the lower GIT - impact Cl- and bicarb

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7
Q

EPEC age

A

about 12 days old

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8
Q

EPEC pathophysiology - where does it colonise?

A

Adhere to enterocytes and efface microvilli

No cytotoxins

Colonisation causes villous atrophy and Cl- ion is disrupted

Typically in caecum, colon and distal SI

May get haemorrhage with this type

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9
Q

EPEC type of diarrhoea

A

Malabsorption and secretory diarrhoea
Can get haemorrhagic

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10
Q

Rotavirus age, incubation period and clinical period

A

3-14d old
12-24h incubation
5-7d clinical period

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11
Q

Rotavirus pathophysiology and type of diarrhoea

A

Replicates in enterocytes, destroys cells, villous atrophy

Disrupts brush border that contains lactase = maldigestion

Malabsorptive diarrhoea

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12
Q

Coronavirus age, incubation period and clinical period

A

4-14d old
12-24h incubation
5-10d clinical period

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13
Q

Coronavirus pathophys and what it causes in young and adult animals

A

Destroys cells of small AND large intestine

Replicates in enterocytes and causes villous atrophy and damages crypts

Respiratory disease in 2-6month old calves and winter dysentery haemorragic diarrhoea in adults

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14
Q

Coronavirus diarrhoea type

A

Malabsorptive (damages crypts and causes villous atrophy)

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15
Q

Cryptosporidium age and route of transmission, clinical period

A

5-18d
Faeco oral
2-3d clinical period

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16
Q

Cryptosporidium pathophysiology

A

colonosises SI, Destroys enterocytes, villous atrophy
sheds 40 billion oocysts over 6-9d

Oocysts survive for a month in envrionment

ZOONOSIS

5-18d, malabsorptive

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17
Q

Crypto diarrhoea type

A

Malabsorptive

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18
Q

Salmonella types

A

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (main one)

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19
Q

Salmonella age, route

A

10d-3 months but can be any age
Faeco oral

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20
Q

Salmonella diarrhoea

A

Haemorrhagic and malabsorptive diarrhoea
Can also be asymptomatic or watery mucoid

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21
Q

Salmonella pathophysiology

A

Invades intestinal mucosa and lymphoid tissue leading to systemic spread

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22
Q

Coccidia age, route, incubation period, clinical period

A

3w-6m age
Faeco-oral
Incubation 5-20d
Clinical period 5-14d (can also be subclinical)

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23
Q

Coccidia (eimeria spp) pathophysiology

A

Always associated with poor hygiene and contaminated water
E.bovis and E.zuernii schizonts reproduce in lower SI
Second gen shizonts and gamonts then produced in caecum and colon
Attack crypt cells, local and extensive lesions

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24
Q

What can coccidia cause?

A

Tenesmus and haematochezia
Decreased growth rates in subclinical disesase
Clinical disease can be chronic or acute

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25
Q

3 environmental stressors

A

Poor housing
Poor hygiene
Mixed age groups -> stick to batching to avoid this transfer from older animals to younger ones

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26
Q

Describe secretory diarrhoea

A

Enterotoxins -> cAMP in cells -> open Cl gates and secrete H2O from crypts

Cant use Na-H exchanger to absorb Na+
Lose Cl- and HCO3

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27
Q

Describe malabsorptive diarrhoea

A

Loss of epithelium and absorptive area, villous atrophy, crypt damage

Absorption of NA and H2O can still occur if coupled with glucose or amino acids

NaCl pumps and Na-H exchanger dont work = lose water

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28
Q

Clinical signs of dehydration + hypovolaemia

A

Increased HR, CRT, PCV, creatinine, blood L-lactate, skin tent

Hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia

Hypoglycaemia

decreased urine output, cold extremities

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29
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis in calves with diarrhoea

A

Loss of bicarbonate
Accumulation of organic acids - D-lactic acid (bacterial fermentation of ingested milk) and L-lactic acid

D-lactic acid is absorbed from rumen or intestine and can accumulate, slowly metabolised and excereted (bacteria can stop the metabolism of it into safe compounds and add to build up)

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30
Q

How can we assess dehydration?

A

Enophthalmos
Skin elasticity on neck
Plasma protein concentration

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31
Q

Signs of 5-7% dehydration

A

Mild depressed, slightly high CRT, slight high HR, increased blood lactate, concentrated urine

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32
Q

Signs of 10% dehydration

A

Depression, cold extremeties, dry MMs, CRT>3s, heart rate >50% above normal, increased lactate, small volume of very concentrated urine

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33
Q

Signs of 12-15% dehydration

A

Depression, cold extrems, dry MM, CRT >4s, HR >100% above reference, increased lactate, creatinine and unlikely to produce urine

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34
Q

What causes loss of suck reflex?

A

Dehydration and metabolic acidosis

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35
Q

What causes reduced palpebral reflex?

A

D-lactic acidosis

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36
Q

What causes weakness?

A

D-lactic acidosis
Hyperkalaemia affecting cardiac output

37
Q

Recognition of sepsis (any two of)

A
  1. Core temp abnormal
  2. Heart rate abnormal
  3. Tachypnoea
  4. Leucocyte count abnormal
38
Q

3 signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Infarctions
Ischaemia
Haemorrhage

39
Q

When is neonatal sepsis and what are common causes?

A

2-6d (less than 2 weeks old)

Infected umbilicus, septic arthritis, GIT abnormality, pneumonia

40
Q

Clinical signs of neonatal sepsis

A

Lack of suck reflex
Fever, hypothermia
Tachypnoea, tachycardia
Hyperaemia of MMs
Diarrhoea
Poor cardiac output

41
Q

Signs of neonatal bacterial suppurative meningitis

A

As a complication of bacterial sepsis:

Loss of suck, fever
Extension of neck, tonic and thrashing
Hyperaesthesia
Opisthotonus (abnormal posture due to spasmic contraction)
Comatose
Seizures

42
Q

Lab tests for diarrhoea

A

Haematology
Biochemistry
Blood gas analysis
Faecal sample

43
Q

Goals of treatment

A
  1. Correct dehydration and hypovolaemia
  2. Correct electrolytes and acid base balance
  3. provide nutritional support
  4. Eliminate bacteraemia and toxaemia
44
Q

When are oral fluids warranted and how much is given?

A

<8% dehydration with suck reflex and at least sternal recumbancy

5% body weight per feed

45
Q

When are IV fluids warranted?

A

> 8% dehydrated
Severely obtunded
No suck reflex
Anorexia >24h
Hypothermia <37.5

46
Q

Why is it bad to alkalise the abomasum in neonates?

A

Defence mechanism to colonisation of pathogens is pH of the stomach

It is not acidified in the first few hours of life though to facilitate immunoglobulin absorption -> ETEC colonisation can occur easily

46
Q

What fluids provide rehydration and alkalinsation?

A

Isotonic sodium bicarbonate - no commercial available solution

47
Q

What is lactated ringers not recomended for?

A

Animals with acidaemia

48
Q

What % is isotonic fluids?

A

0.9
slightly acidifying

49
Q

What % is hypertonic saline? What rate is it given?

A

7.2%
5ml/kg in 5 mins

Oral fluids must be provided and diarrhoetic calves need alkalinising agents as well

50
Q

Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate (8.4%) use and administration rate, when should it not be used

A

rapid alkalinisation
No faster than 1ml/kg/min
Can be used with oral fluids or as bolus prior to spiking isotonic solution

Do not use in calves with respiratory distress

51
Q

What is the focus for younger vs older calves?

A

Younger = fluids

Older = more severe D-lactic acidosis so need NaHCO3

52
Q

Bicarbonate requirement

A

BW(kg) x BE x 0.6

1ml of 8.4% NaHCO3 = 1 mmol of NaHCO3

53
Q

Can D-lactic acidosis be present without diarrhoea?

A

yes

and thus without dehydration

Floppy kid syndrome or drunken lamb disease

54
Q

What can we do as well as oral rehydration therapy?

A

Give milk -> improved intestinal morphology compared to ORT alone

More energy dense than ORT solutions and contains growth factors for repair

55
Q

When are oral antimicrobials contra-indicated?

A

Viruses
Protozoa - crypto, coccidia
ETEC

56
Q

When to use antimicrobials

A

severe systemic illnes

57
Q

What antimicrobials to use

A

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins (ceftiofur)

Coccidiosis -> suphadimidine

58
Q

NSAIDs for use

A

Meloxicam, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine

decreased pain + GI inflammation, improved suckling and behaviour

59
Q

What can be used for cryptosporidium?

A

Halofuginone

60
Q

Fluid deficit calculation

A

BW x % dehydrated as decimal (eg 0.08 for 8%) = Litres

61
Q

Maintenance fluid levels

A

50-100ml/kg/d

40kg calf = 40x70 = 2800ml = 2.8L/d

62
Q

Diarrhoea fluid loss per day

A

1-4L (go with 4)

63
Q

How to get fluid requirements for diarrhoea calf

A

Maintenance per day + fluid deficit + diarrhoea losses

64
Q

How to determine base deficit

A

Calf less than 8 days -> Standing with suck (0), standing with no suck (5), sternal or lateral (10)

More than 8 days -> standing with suck (5) standing with no suck (10), sternal (15), lateral recumbency (20)

65
Q

How much fluid is safe to give per hour?

A

up to 2L

66
Q

What electrolyte deficiency occurs in calves with diarrhoea?

A

Hyperkalaemia -> due to switching with H+ ions in acidosis and also lost in diarrhoea
cardiac arrest potentially

67
Q

What causes l-lactate buildup?

A

Hypovolaemia with diarrhoea -> tissue not perfused properly, cells go into shock and anaerobic respiration

68
Q

What antiobiotic is not appropriate for young calves?

A

Oxytetracycline -> doesnt cross gut well, can cause teeth issues,

Good for older cows and their resp issues
High Vd

69
Q

Aetiology of Bovine syncytial virus

A

RNA virus
3-5d incubation
Aerosol
>6month olds mostly
Pneumonia

70
Q

Bovine herpesvirus 1 aetiology and lesion location

A

Secondary bacterial pneumonia life threatening
Enveloped DNA virus, aersol

Many manifestations (abortion, pneumonia, mastitis)

Lesions of MMs of upper resp tract

71
Q

Parainfluenza 3 aetiology

A

RNA
Mild-subclinical infections, maybe secondary pneumonia

Cranioventral lung consolidation

72
Q

BVDV aetiology

A

RNA
Immunosuppressive

Mucosal disease (cytopathic) fatal -> oral and nasal lesions

Non-cytopathic -> PI calves no cellular damage

73
Q

BVDV diagnosis

A

AGID test
ELISA of blood

74
Q

M. Haemolytica aetiology

A

Gram negative aerobe
Commensal of nasopharynx - opportunistic

Endo and exotoxins that kill leucocytes

Septicaemia before bronchopneumonia, necrosis and thrombosis

75
Q

Pasteurella multocida aetiology

A

Gram negative
Commensal of nasopharynx
capsule - resistant to phagocytosis

BAL, TTW, culture, serology (Same as m. haemolytica)

76
Q

NaCl fluid rate

A

80ml/kg/h or up to 2L per hour

77
Q

List four organisms responsible for infectious pneumonia in calves up to one month of age. (Ensure they are spelt correctly, clearly, and written in scientific format.) (2 marks)

A
  1. Mannheimia haemolytica
  2. Pasturella Multocida
  3. Histophilus somni
  4. Mycoplasma bovis
78
Q

For any one infectious pneumonia organism listed, briefly evaluate the epidemiology and aetiopathogensis of the disease it causes. (3 marks)

A

Mannhemia haemolytica is a gram negative aerobe that is a commensal of the nasopharynx. It produces endotoxin and exotoxin which kills leucocytes. It normally develops secondarily to infection with a respiratory virus (such as BRSV), as the cilia are no longer able to remove bacteria from the LRT, so it can opportunistically colonise.

Fibrinous pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and pleuritis.

79
Q

List four organisms that may be responsible for infectious diarrhoea in neonatal calves up to 14 days of age. (Ensure they are spelt correctly, clearly, and written in scientific format.) (2 marks)

A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin

80
Q

For any one of the listed organisms, briefly describe the aetiopathogensis of the resulting diarrhoea. (3 marks)

A

Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli -> affects calves of 1-3d of age. Contains the k99 adhesion antigen allowing colonisation in the lower GIT causing secretory diarrhoea and heat stable enterotoxin. The toxin increases cAMP which opens chloride gates and results in secretion of water, as well as bicarb losses and prevents Na-H exchanger from functioning. K+ is also disrupted.

It also causes some malabsoritcve diarrhoea due to brush border being disupted from inflammation.

Impaired immunity through FPT is often the cause, as well as the abomasum being alkaline in the first few days of life.

Incubation 12-24h

81
Q

What is colostrum, as defined by the properties it has according to animal and veterinary scientists? (1 mark)

A

Colostrum is a special milk produced following parturition by the dam which contains IgG, IgM and IgA to confer some maternal immunity to the calf, as well as white blood cells, antimicrobial factors, nutrients, and growth factors.

It must contain at least 50 g/L IgG, and be 21% total solids.

82
Q

Colostrum requirements makeup

A

50 g/L IgG
21% total solids

83
Q

What is the importance of colostrum to the bovine neonate, and why is this the case? Succinctly, how and why should a calf obtain colostrum?

A

Due to the placentation of the bovine, there is no transfer of immune factors from the mother to the calf during pregnancy.

Therefore, all immunity is conferred during the first 12 hours of life through consumption of colostrum.

A calf should have a total protein ≥55 mg/mL for adequate passive transfer.

10% to 12% of their body weight (BW) of colostrum at first feeding

84
Q

Colostrum amount needed

A

10% to 12% of their body weight (BW) of colostrum at first feeding

85
Q

Regarding (Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus) BVDV/Pestivirus, what is a ‘persistently infected’ or PI animal? Briefly explain how a PI animal arises, and its significance regarding the transmission of disease within a population of cattle. (5 marks)

A

A PI animal is an antibody negative, antigen positive beast. This occurs during pregnancy, if the dam is infected between 40 – 120 days. BVDV infects the calf, however, it is not able to mount an immune response and therefore is not immunocompetent.

A PI sheds 1000x as much viral particle/mL of excretion than an acutely infected animal for life, and is the main source of infection of a herd of cattle.

PI calves contain the non-cytopathic version of BVDV that can seroconvert to cytopathic

86
Q

Briefly list and explain the use of two laboratory tests for BVDV in NSW. (4 marks)

A

In NSW - Agar gel immunodiffusion (tested on serum), which only detects antibody that is not from vaccination. It confers some temporal knowledge, 1 – 2 infection in the past 12 months, 3 = infection in the last 3 – 9 months. It cannot be used to identify a PI.

PCR is used on serum and bulk tank milk and can be used to identify a PI.

87
Q

IgG requirements for calf

A

100g in first 6 hours
100g in next 12 hours after that

Should have 10mg/ml in serum IgG if successful

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