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Neuroscience Essay Paper > Dopamine Overview > Flashcards

Dopamine Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine in the mammalian brain

A

Dopamine neurons less than 0.0002% of total neurons in the brain, HOWEVER, dopamine is a diffuse modulatory transmitter

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2
Q

What are the features of diffuse modulatory transmission?

A

Projections from remote and sparse nuclei; massive axonal divergence

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3
Q

How many striatal synapses does each dopaminergic neuronal of the substantia nigra have?

A

Approximately 500,000

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4
Q

Which disorders and processes is dopamine in?

A

Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, reward, addiction

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5
Q

Which inhibitory transmitter is important with respect to dopamine?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

Holtz 1939

A

Identifying the source of adrenaline found L-DOPA guinea pig extract -> contains a product raising blood pressure

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7
Q

Holtz 1947

A

Self injected L-DOPA, and found dopamine in urine

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8
Q

Goodall 1951

A

dopamine in mammalian tissues

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9
Q

Carlsson 1959

A

Chemical assay for dopamine, 80% in the basal ganglia

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10
Q

Dopamine synthesis pathway

A

tyrosine -(tyrosine hydroxylase)-> L-DOPA -(DDC)-> DA -(DA beta hydroxylase)-> NAd -(phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase)-> Ad

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11
Q

Is tyrosine dietary or essential?

A

Tyrosine is dietary

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12
Q

Levodopa and the blood-brain barrier

A

Transported across the blood-brain barrier, not found in nature (catecholamines (dopamine like) are!)

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13
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase

A

Humans 4 Splice variants TH-1,2,3, Req. (BH4) & Fe2+ cofactors + O2 Rate limiting enzyme – [tyrosine] is high but [L-DOPA] is v. much lower

TH activity regulated by DA – end point inhibition

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14
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase variant kinetics

A

slightly different kinetics but all involved in the same reaction

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15
Q

Oxygen and tyrosine hydroxylase

A

Oxygen produces free radicals, and it is higher in dopaminergic neurons, thus these neurons are more likely to kill themselves

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16
Q

Oxygen, enzymes and neurones

A

Oxygen is a common cofactor in enzymatics but not neurotransmitters probably because of the free radical issue

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17
Q

DOPA decarboxylase

A

DDC is actually L-Aromatic Amino acid Decarboxylase (AADC) Cytoplasmic enzyme, 2 splice variants Cofactor: pyridoxal phosphate (from Vitamin B6) AADC is inhibited by Benserazide, Carbidopa

18
Q

Release and reuptake of dopamine

A
19
Q

VMAT1

A

Neuroendocrine tissues not brain, for example chromaffin cells

20
Q

VMAT2

A

Brain, inhibited by Reserpine

21
Q

DAT

A

Dopaminergic neurons (surface of axon terminals and dendrites, not somata) (re-uptake)

22
Q

dopamine catabolism

A
23
Q

Catechol O-Methyl Transferase

A

Substrates: DA and NA Widely distributed: liver, kidney highest

24
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Widely distributed: liver, kidney highest Intracellular and Extracellular

25
Q

MAO type A and type B

A

Type A has a higher affinity for serotonin (depression) Type B has a higher affinity for dopamine (PD)

26
Q

list all MAO subtypes

A

MAO-A,-B,-C

27
Q

Specificity of MAO subtypes

A

Reasonably specific but this is dose-dependent

28
Q

Dopamine receptor subtypes

A

D1 type receptors- D1-R and D5-R, increase cAMP and main function is postsynaptic inhibition

D2 type receptors- D2-R, D3-R and D4-R, decrease cAMP and/or increase IP3, mainly pre-and-postsynaptic inibition, stimulation and inhibition of hormone release

29
Q

Type DI receptors

A
30
Q

Type DII receptors

A
31
Q

DARPP-32

A

A.k.a. 30 kDa dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein

32
Q

DARPP-32 Pathway

A
33
Q

Dopamine receptor subtype distributions

A
34
Q

Drugs and the dopaminergic synapse

A
35
Q

Drugs and dopaminergic receptors subtype selectivity

A
36
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

motor control(Parkinson’s disease)

37
Q

Mesolimbic system

A

Emotion, memory, thoughts and perception (schizophrenia)

38
Q

Mesocortical system

A

Motivation, attention and social behaviour (reward)

39
Q

Tubero-hypophyseal system

A

Neuroendocrine control (side effects)

40
Q

Dopamine pathways

A

Neuroscience Essay Paper (16 decks)

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