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Equine II > Donkeys > Flashcards

Donkeys Flashcards

1
Q

How many donkeys are there in the UK?

A

Estimated 10-20,000

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2
Q

Average HR of donkey

A

36-52 bpm

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3
Q

RR of donkeys

A

12-28 bpm

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4
Q

Temperature of donkeys

A

36.5-37.8 degrees

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5
Q

Anatomical differences of donkeys

A

Adapted for desert life
- big ears
- cope better with dehydration

Cutaneous coli well developed to support the larger head of the donkey
- obscures middle 1/3 of jugular vein so need to inject higher or lower

Pectoral muscle is very small so never inject into it

Tear duct location much higher and protected by fold to prevent dust trapping

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6
Q

Size differences in donkeys

A

Miniature ~90-120kg

Standard ~160-200kg

Poitou/Mammoth ~400-500kg

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7
Q

Dietary requirements of donkeys

A

Need less than ponies of similar size

75% of diet should be barley straw in winter, 50% in summer

Rest of diet made up of grass and/or hay

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8
Q

Foot anatomy of donkeys

A

Extensor process of P3 is 1-1.3cm distal to the coronary band
○ Marker very useful to assess founder distance

Thick sole - 1cm+
○ Less sensitive to hoof testers

Frog does not extend as far forward
○ Frog support and heart bar shoes exacerbate rotational forces - not advisable
○Pads +/- glue shoes better

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9
Q

Behaviour of donkeys

A

Small closely bonded groups

Find it extremely stressful to be separated from their companion

often labelled as stubborn or difficult

very stoic and will hide pain and fear to the extreme

freeze or fight responses when scared or put under pressure

A dull/not eating donkey is a clinical emergency !!

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10
Q

What is sham eating?

A

When a donkey pretends to eat to avoid attention from predators

Will often find if you leave them with food and come back they won’t have eaten it

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11
Q

Oestrus behaviour of donkeys

A

Mounting

Herding

Chasing other females

Mouth clapping

Winking (repeated clitoral exposure)

Raising tail

Urinating posture

Standing to be mounted

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12
Q

Are donkeys seasonal breeders?

A

No

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13
Q

Gestation length for donkeys

A

somewhat a guideline, can vary from 11-14 months

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14
Q

Sedation of donkeys

A

Sedation doses same as horses, often higher in mules.

IM sedation quick onset, very useful in needle shy donkeys.

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15
Q

NSAID metabolism in donkeys

A

Phenylbutazone - metabolised faster in donkeys

Carprofen - metabolised slower

Flunixin

Meloxicam - not advised as very short half life

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16
Q

Common donkey conditions

A

Obesity
- hyperlipidaemia
- Asinine Metabolic syndrome (AMS)
- Laminitis

Colic

Colitis

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Laminitis

White line abscess

Sarcoids

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17
Q

Hyperlipidaemia in donkeys

A

trigs >2.8mmol L (higher than in horses)

occurs when the donkey enters a NEBAL

donkey will mobilise fat reserves and send them to the liver for processing

when too much fat enters the liver for processing, it overwhelms the liver and triglycerides enter the peripheral metabolism faster than they can be used

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18
Q

Risk factors for hyperlipidaemia

A

Donkeys and small pony breeds

Obesity

Weight loss

Pregnancy/lactation
§ Or just being female

Increasing age (dental health, underlying conditions, illness)

Underlying primary disease (e.g. colic, liver disease)

Stress

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19
Q

Clinical signs of hyperlipidaemia

A

Dullness, lethargy, inappetence
Tachycardia/Tachypnoea/Pyrexia

Ileus/ abdominal discomfort

Congested membrane mucous, delayed CRT

Dry mucous covered faeces/dry faecal balls

Cloudy to milky serum/plasma

Halitosis

Muzzle and head oedema

Ataxia or neuro signs
§ Hepatic encephalopathy

Recumbency

Death due to multiorgan failure

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20
Q

Serum/plasma in hyperlipidaemia in donkeys

A

cloudier than horses generally, can measure at lab or on hand help meter.

Less likely to form the lard with plastic tube but can see it.

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21
Q

Treatment of hyperlipidaemia in donkeys

A

adapt to patient, a very stressed patient that is voluntarily eating may benefit more from being fed than tubed – ensure actually eating.

Via pony or foal sized nasogastric tube - for an average 180kg ish donkey
□ 2-3L warm water (1L/75kg bw)
□ Rehydration salts (e.g. Effydral/Lectade)
□ 120g glucose powder
□ 250-500g Ready brek

Any other oral meds can be added in

If more severe add in IV fluids

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22
Q

Presentation of colic in donkeys

A

Quiet/dull

No interest in food

Remember stoic. If dramatic, be concerned! May pretend to be fine when you get there, consider pain scoring

23
Q

What is the most common cause of colic in donkeys?

A

Pelvic flexure impaction

24
Q

Presentation of colitis in donkeys

A

Dull, can display colic signs, pyrexia, hypoproteinaemia

often nothing obvious on rectal, or potentially thickening/general pain.

Hypoproteinaemia, inflammatory leukogram, SAA increased – liver may be compromised, hyperlipaemia may occur

Rarely have diarrhoea (unlike horses)

Scan often thickening on abdo fluid, can check lactate in blood/ periotoneal tap.

25
Q

Possible causes of colitis in donkeys

A

Stress, diet change, gut dysbiosis, toxin ingestion, endoparasitism

26
Q

Treatment of colitis in donkeys

A

Analgesia
- flunixin, paracetamol, consider lidocaine/opioids – pain will cause ileus!
- Steroids can be useful but use carefully as steroids contraindicated in hyperlipaemic patients.

Antibiotics
- pen, gent, +/- metronidazole – role of ABX debatable in colitis horses,

Hyperlipaemic or anorexic patients more likely to get glandular ulcers

IM omeprazole 4mg/kg q5-7 days

Prognosis often guarded – consider QOL

27
Q

Streptococcus zooepidemicus in donkeys

A

Similar to Strangles (S. equi)

Most isolated respiratory pathogen of donkeys

Often secondary to Equine Herpes Virus infection

Usually is self limiting
Low mortality rate

Commensal, but some pathogenic forms seen in donkeys

28
Q

Clinical signs of Strep zooepidemicus in donkeys

A

Mucopurulent nasal discharge -unilateral or bilateral

Can rarely cause chondroids in guttural pouch

May be BAR, may be under the weather

29
Q

Differentials for respiratory disease in donkeys

A

Strep zooepidemicus

EHV

Strangles

Asinine Herpes virus

Asthma

Recent streoid treatment

30
Q

Treatment od Strep zooepidemicus in donkeys

A

Usually self resolving

May need NSAIDs and TLC

31
Q

Clinical signs of laminitis in donkeys

A

Can present standing still, weight shifting or lying down

Often not noted until much later – non working and stoic

Rare to see classic laminitic stance, often seen as uni or bilateral lameness (mild to moderate), refusal to move/weight shifting/ recumbency (check for colic).

Strong DP present, hot feet, unable to weight bear.

32
Q

Diagnostics for laminitis in donkeys

A

Radiographs – lateromedials with markers

ACTH - test for PPID (wait until acute pain has reduced)

Insulin - Asinine Metabolic Syndrome - delay

33
Q

Management of laminitis in donkeys

A

low sugar diet,

restrictive grazing (never starve),

foot support pads,

deep bedding,

analgesia,

ice feet

34
Q

White line abscesses in donkeys -incidence

A

Common in donkeys in UK

Soft, permeable hooves absorb moisture

35
Q

White line abscesses in donkeys - predispositions

A

poor hoof care,

poor hoof quality,

malnutrition

vitamin restricted diets

36
Q

Treatment of white line abscesses in donkeys

A

Trim regularly - spray with iodine

Can resect more foot than in horse, stop when get to blood but often have to dig scarily deep!

37
Q

Incidence of sarcoids in donkeys

A

Common

38
Q

Location of sarcoids in donkeys

A

Often genital region, ventral abdomen, face/lips, eyes

39
Q

Treatment of sarcoids in donkeys

A

Same as in horses
- laser resection
- topical creams
- injections

40
Q

Behaviour of sarcoids in donkeys

A

Can be aggressive, grow rapidly, and become infected

41
Q

IV catheter placement in donkeys

A

Thicker skin than horses
○ Cutaneous coli muscle

Ensure good restraint +/- sedation.
○ Lift head and extend neck

Clip and clean

Lidocaine “bleb” or EMLA cream (needs 20+ min contact time)

Carefully cut down skin with scalpel

Stitch in place

42
Q

Donkey castration age

A

Ideally castrate colts at 6-18 months

43
Q

Donkey castration method

A

Always castrate closed due to larger reproductive organs and blood vessels – inject local into the cord

General anaesthesia – field or theatre
○ Colts <2 years old – scrotal approach
○ Stallions >2 years old – inguinal approach (in theatre)

Blood vessels must be ligated!
○ Crush for 3 minutes
○ 5-metric vicryl

44
Q

Possible complications of castration in donkeys

A

Infection
§ Skin edges or cord
§ Swab for bacteriology
§ Scirrhous cord requires repeat GA

Haemorrhage

Evisceration

No technique will eliminate risk

45
Q

Pre-med in donkeys - theatre protocol

A

ACP IM

Detomidine IV

Butorphanol IV

Morphine

46
Q

Pre-med in donkeys- field protocol

A

ACP IM/slow IV (may not need)

Detomidine IV

Butorohanol IV

47
Q

Induction of donkeys - theatre protocol

A

Ketamine IV

Diazepam IV

48
Q

Induction of donkeys - field protocol

A

Ketamine IV

Diazepam IV

49
Q

Maintenace of anaesthesia in donkeys - theatre protocol

A

Isoflurane 2-3%

Ketamine top-up 1/3 induction dose if needed

50
Q

Maintenace of anaesthesia in donkeys - field protocol

A

Top ups 10mins (timed)
1/3 induction dose of ketamine

1/2 induction dose detomidine 30 mins

Or triple drip GKX

51
Q

Triple drip anaesthesia combo for donkeys

A

Myolaxin (guafenesin)

Saline

Xylazine

Ketamine

52
Q

Mule

A

Male donkey x female horse

53
Q

Hinny

A

Female donkey x male horse

Equine II (28 decks)

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