(Done) Using resources (Paper 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Define ceramics
A
- Non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon-based compounds
2
Q
How are clay ceramics formed
A
- Clay is a soft material when it is dug up from the ground, so can be moulded into different shapes
- When clay is fired at high temperatures, it hardens to form a clay ceramic
3
Q
How are glass ceramics formed
A
- Soda-lime glass is made from heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate until it melts
- When the mixture cools it comes out as glass
4
Q
Define a composite
A
- Made from one material embedded into another
5
Q
How are composites formed
A
- Fibres or fragments of a material are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder
6
Q
What influences the properties of a polymer
A
- How it is made and what it is made from
7
Q
Define thermosoftening polymers
A
- Polymers that contain individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains therefore they can be melted and remoulded
8
Q
Define thermosetting polymers
A
- Polymers that contain monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure therefore so do not soften when heated
9
Q
Properties of ceramics, polymers, composites and metals
A
- Ceramics - Insulators of heat and electricity, brittle and stiff
- Polymers - Insulators of heat and electricity, flexible and easily moulded
- Composites - Have different properties depending on the matrix and reinforcement used to make them
- Metals - Malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, shiny and stiff
10
Q
Define corrosion
A
- When metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed
11
Q
Conditions required for corrosion
A
- Presence of water and oxygen
12
Q
How can corrosion be prevented
A
- Using a barrier
- Using the sacrificial method
- Galvanising
13
Q
Examples of using a barrier to prevent corrosion
A
- Electroplating - Using electrolysis to coat
- Greasing or oiling - Has to be used when moving parts are involved
- Painting/coating with plastic
14
Q
Examples of the sacrificial method to prevent corrosion
A
- Placing a more reactive metal with the metal being protected, so the water and oxygen bond with the more reactive metal
15
Q
Examples of galvanisation
A
- Spraying a material with a coat of another material, which acts as a protective layer until scratched, where it acts as a sacrificial metal
16
Q
Explain Bioleaching (replace copper with desired mineral)
A
- Bacteria are being used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, separating out the copper ore in the process
- The leachate (Solution produced by the process) contains copper ions, which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
17
Q
Explain Phyto mining (replace copper with desired mineral)
A
- When you grow plants in soil that is rich in copper
- The plants can’t use or get rid of the copper so it builds up in the leaves
- These leaves are then harvested, dried and burned in a furnace
- The ash contains soluble copper compound which then can be extracted by displacement or electrolysis
18
Q
How is glass recycled
A
- Glass is separated by colour and chemical composition
- The glass is then crushed and melted to be reshaped and used again
19
Q
Stages in a lifecycle assessment (LCA)
A
- Getting the raw materials
- Manufacturing and packaging
- Using the product
- Product disposal
20
Q
Define a lifecycle assesment
A
- Looking at every stage of a product’s life to assess the impact it would have on the environment
21
Q
Define potable water
A
- Water that has been treated or is naturally safe to drink
- The levels of dissolved salts can’t be too high
- Has to have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5
- Must not be any bacteria or microbes within it
22
Q
How can potable water be produced
A
- Rainwater
- Surface water
- Groundwater
- Sea water
23
Q
What is the process of fresh water treatment
A
- Filtration - A wire mesh filters out large objects and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits
- Sterilisation - The water is sterilised by bubbling chlorine gas through it or by using ozone or UV light to kill off any harmful bacteria or microbes
24
Q
Sources of wastewater
A
- Home
- Agricultural systems
- Industrial processes
25
How is waste water treated
- Screened to remove any large bits of material
- Allowed to stand in a settlement tank where the sediment sinks to the bottom while the lighter effluent floats on the top
- The effluent is removed and treated by pumping air through the water to encourage bacteria to digest organic matter aerobically
- The sludge from the tank is moved into a separate tank where it is broken down via anaerobic digestion of bacteria
- For waste water containing toxic substances, additional stages of treatment may include using chemicals, using UV radiation or using membranes
26
Purpose of the Haber process
- To produce ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen
27
Describe the steps in the Haber process
- Hydrogen and nitrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a 3:1 ratio
- The conditions this occurs within are a high temperature (450 C) and a high pressure (200 atm)
- As the reaction is reversible, some of the ammonia turns back into hydrogen and oxygen and eventually reaches dynamic equilibrium
- The ammonia is initially produced as a gas however condenses into a liquid and is removed
28
What are the three main elements used in plant fertilisers
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
29
How are the nitrogen containing compound within NPK fertilisers formed
- Ammonia can be reacted with oxygen and water in a series of reactions to create nitric acids
- Ammonia can be reacted with acids, including nitric acid, to make ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate
30
How is ammonium nitrate formed in industry
- Carried out in giant vats at high concentrations resulting in a very exothermic reaction
- The heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated product
31
How is ammonium nitrate formed in the lab
- Carried out at a much smaller scale via titration and crystallisation
- The reactants are at a much lower concentration so less heat is produced in the reaction so it is safer for a person to perform
- After titration, the mixture needs to be crystallised to form pure ammonium nitrate crystals
- Crystallisation is avoided in industry as it is highly time consuming
32
How are potassium containing compounds within NPK fertilisers obtained
- Potassium chloride and potassium sulphate are mined directly from the ground and used as as source of potassium
33
How are phosphorus containing compounds within NPK fertilisers obtained
- Phosphate rock is mined, however the phosphate salts mined directly from the rock are unable to be used as nutrients for plants
- Reacting them with nitric acid forms phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
- Reacting them with sulfuric acid forms calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate
- Reacting them with phosphoric acid forms calcium phosphate
