Don't Panic Flashcards
What are the main nervous branches of the LL?
Femoral –> Saphenous
Obturator
Sciatic
–> Tibial –> Medial and lateral plantar
–> Common fibular –> Deep and superficial fibular
What muscles does the deep branch of the radial nerve supply? (8)
Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis longus and brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor capri ulnaris Supinator
What 6 muscles are innervated by the median nerve? (Not the Anterior interosseous nerve)
Flexor capri radialis Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator teres Thenar muscles Lateral 2 lumbricals
What 3 muscles are innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve? (a deep branch of the median nerve)
Flexor digitorum profundus (to index and middle finger)
Pronator quadratus
Flexor pollicis longus
What tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?
4 x FDP
4 x FDS
1 x FPL
What muscles are supplied by the recurrent branch on the median nerve?
The thenar muscles:
- Opponens pollicis
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Flexor pollicis brevis
What 5 muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Hypothenar muscles Medial 2 lumbricals Flexor digitorum profundus (to ring and little finger) Adductor pollicis
What 6 muscles are innervated by the Deep Fibular nerve?
Tibialis Anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum Longus Fibularis tertius (branches) Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis
What 2 muscles are supplied by the Superficial fibular nerve?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What 7 muscles are supplied by the tibial nerve? (Before it branches into the medial and lateral plantar nerves)
Gastrocnemius Plantaris Popliteus Soleus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior
What muscles of the foot are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor Digitorum brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Lumbricals of 2nd digit
What muscles are supplied by the lateral planar nerve?
All muscles of the sole including quadratus plantae via the deep branch
Effect of anticholinestease on ANS?
Sludge Hypotension Bronchoconstriction Pupillary constriction Bradycardia
What are the adrenergic neuron neurotransmitters?
Catecholamines e.g. Noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine
What are the 2 methods of NA release?
Calcium facilitated exocytosis
NET (norepinephrine transporter) bring amphetamine into the presynaptic terminal and NA out
What are the 2 methods of NA uptake?
Alpha2-adrenoreceptors on the presynaptic terminal
VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter) repackages NA
What is the method of NA degradation?
MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) break down NA to metabolites when the concentration get’s too high
What 3 enzymes are used to control glycolysis?
- Hexokinase
- Phosphofructokinase
- Pyruvate kinase
Boundaries of the femoral ring?
Medially: Lacunar ligament
Laterally: Femoral vein
Anterior: Inguinal ligament
Posterior: Pectineal ligament
Which NAID should be used in patients with gastrointestinal upset?
Paracetamol
Distal attachment of iliopsoas?
Lesser trochanter
Distal attachment of both obturator externus and internus?
Greater trochanter
Distal attachment of gluteas maximus?
Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity
What is the cause of osteoporosis?
increased reabsorption of bones making it more fragile and likely to fracture
From anterior to posterior what order to the structures lie behind the medial malleolus?
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery and vein Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus
Lipoproteins in the transport of cholesterol and TG mechanism, go!
- Chylomicrons transport TG (triacylglycerol) and cholesterol from the GI to tissues.
- Split by lipoprotein lipase to release free fatty acids (FFAs)
- FFAs taken up by muscle and adipose tissue - Chylomicron remnants taken up in the liver
- Cholesterol stored, oxidised to bile acids or released to VLDL - VLDL transport cholesterol and newly synthesised TG to tissues
- TGs removed from VLDL leaving LDL with a high cholesterol (taken up by cells or liver) - HDL absorbs cholesterol from cell breakdown and transfer it to VLDL and LDL
What are the 4 actions of cholestyramine?
- Sequesters bile acids to prevent enterohepatic recirculation
- Decrease absorption of exogenous cholesterol
- Increase the metabolism of endogenous cholesterol into bile acids
- Increase LDL receptor numbers in the liver resulting in their removal from the blood.
What are the main actions of fibrates?
Activators of lipoprotein lipase which lowers TG content of VLDL
Clearance of LDL in liver
Production of HDL
Reverse cholesterol transport
What is the main function of statins?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors hence prevent the synthesis of cholesterol
What are the 3 actions of PGE and PGI?
Potent vasodilators
Potentiate histamine and bradykinin actions in pain sensory nerve
Synergise with other inflammatory mediators (i.e. bradykinin and histamine)
What are the 5 main groups of NSAIDs?
Examples and properties
Salicylates: Direct COX acetylation e.g. aspirin
Propionic acid: Has lower GI toxicity than aspirin, not a prodrug e.g. Ibuprofen, naproxen
Fenamates: e.g. Mefenamic acid
Paracetomol: Weak COX inhibitor, good analgesis +antipyretic, well tolerated by GIT, poor anti-inflammatory actions, problems with overdose
Selective COX-2 inhibitors: E.g.Coxib
