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MD2002 > Don't Panic > Flashcards

Don't Panic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main nervous branches of the LL?

A

Femoral –> Saphenous
Obturator
Sciatic
–> Tibial –> Medial and lateral plantar
–> Common fibular –> Deep and superficial fibular

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2
Q

What muscles does the deep branch of the radial nerve supply? (8)

A 
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis 
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis 
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor capri ulnaris
Supinator
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3
Q

What 6 muscles are innervated by the median nerve? (Not the Anterior interosseous nerve)

A 
Flexor capri radialis 
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Pronator teres
Thenar muscles
Lateral 2 lumbricals
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4
Q

What 3 muscles are innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve? (a deep branch of the median nerve)

A

Flexor digitorum profundus (to index and middle finger)
Pronator quadratus
Flexor pollicis longus

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5
Q

What tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

4 x FDP
4 x FDS
1 x FPL

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6
Q

What muscles are supplied by the recurrent branch on the median nerve?

A

The thenar muscles:

  1. Opponens pollicis
  2. Abductor pollicis brevis
  3. Flexor pollicis brevis
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7
Q

What 5 muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A 
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Hypothenar muscles
Medial 2 lumbricals 
Flexor digitorum profundus (to ring and little finger)
Adductor pollicis
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8
Q

What 6 muscles are innervated by the Deep Fibular nerve?

A 
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum Longus
Fibularis tertius 
(branches)
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
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9
Q

What 2 muscles are supplied by the Superficial fibular nerve?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

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10
Q

What 7 muscles are supplied by the tibial nerve? (Before it branches into the medial and lateral plantar nerves)

A 
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Popliteus 
Soleus 
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
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11
Q

What muscles of the foot are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?

A

Abductor hallucis
Flexor Digitorum brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Lumbricals of 2nd digit

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12
Q

What muscles are supplied by the lateral planar nerve?

A

All muscles of the sole including quadratus plantae via the deep branch

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13
Q

Effect of anticholinestease on ANS?

A 
Sludge
Hypotension
Bronchoconstriction
Pupillary constriction
Bradycardia
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14
Q

What are the adrenergic neuron neurotransmitters?

A

Catecholamines e.g. Noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine

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15
Q

What are the 2 methods of NA release?

A

Calcium facilitated exocytosis

NET (norepinephrine transporter) bring amphetamine into the presynaptic terminal and NA out

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16
Q

What are the 2 methods of NA uptake?

A

Alpha2-adrenoreceptors on the presynaptic terminal

VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter) repackages NA

17
Q

What is the method of NA degradation?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) break down NA to metabolites when the concentration get’s too high

18
Q

What 3 enzymes are used to control glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase
  3. Pyruvate kinase
19
Q

Boundaries of the femoral ring?

A

Medially: Lacunar ligament
Laterally: Femoral vein
Anterior: Inguinal ligament
Posterior: Pectineal ligament

20
Q

Which NAID should be used in patients with gastrointestinal upset?

A

Paracetamol

21
Q

Distal attachment of iliopsoas?

A

Lesser trochanter

22
Q

Distal attachment of both obturator externus and internus?

A

Greater trochanter

23
Q

Distal attachment of gluteas maximus?

A

Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity

24
Q

What is the cause of osteoporosis?

A

increased reabsorption of bones making it more fragile and likely to fracture

25
Q

From anterior to posterior what order to the structures lie behind the medial malleolus?

A 
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
26
Q

Lipoproteins in the transport of cholesterol and TG mechanism, go!

A
  1. Chylomicrons transport TG (triacylglycerol) and cholesterol from the GI to tissues.
    - Split by lipoprotein lipase to release free fatty acids (FFAs)
    - FFAs taken up by muscle and adipose tissue
  2. Chylomicron remnants taken up in the liver
    - Cholesterol stored, oxidised to bile acids or released to VLDL
  3. VLDL transport cholesterol and newly synthesised TG to tissues
    - TGs removed from VLDL leaving LDL with a high cholesterol (taken up by cells or liver)
  4. HDL absorbs cholesterol from cell breakdown and transfer it to VLDL and LDL
27
Q

What are the 4 actions of cholestyramine?

A
  • Sequesters bile acids to prevent enterohepatic recirculation
  • Decrease absorption of exogenous cholesterol
  • Increase the metabolism of endogenous cholesterol into bile acids
  • Increase LDL receptor numbers in the liver resulting in their removal from the blood.
28
Q

What are the main actions of fibrates?

A

Activators of lipoprotein lipase which lowers TG content of VLDL
Clearance of LDL in liver
Production of HDL
Reverse cholesterol transport

29
Q

What is the main function of statins?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors hence prevent the synthesis of cholesterol

30
Q

What are the 3 actions of PGE and PGI?

A

Potent vasodilators
Potentiate histamine and bradykinin actions in pain sensory nerve
Synergise with other inflammatory mediators (i.e. bradykinin and histamine)

31
Q

What are the 5 main groups of NSAIDs?

Examples and properties

A

Salicylates: Direct COX acetylation e.g. aspirin
Propionic acid: Has lower GI toxicity than aspirin, not a prodrug e.g. Ibuprofen, naproxen
Fenamates: e.g. Mefenamic acid
Paracetomol: Weak COX inhibitor, good analgesis +antipyretic, well tolerated by GIT, poor anti-inflammatory actions, problems with overdose
Selective COX-2 inhibitors: E.g.Coxib

MD2002 (7 decks)

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