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Dominant Tone Flashcards

1
Q

dominant tone

A

means that branch of ANS (para of sympathetic) innervating that organ is dominant or more active

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2
Q

hearts dominant tone

A

parasympathetic (except in ventricles)

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3
Q

heart parasympathetic stimulation

A

muscarinic agonist; ACh–> M2 to decrease heart rate and atrioventricular conduction

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4
Q

heart sympathetic stimulation

A

B1 agonists; NE, Epi –> B1+B2 to increase heart rate, AV conduction, and contractibility

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5
Q

B receptor blockers (HEART)

A

widely used to decrease heart rate, AV conduction and contractibility

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6
Q

B receptor agonists useful to treat.. (HEART)

A

cardinogenic shock (inadequate blood flow due to dysfunction of ventricles) to increase heart rate and contractility

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7
Q

muscarinic receptor blockers useful to treat… (HEART)

A

bradycardia(abnormally slow heart rate)

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8
Q

blood vessels dominant tone

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

most blood vessels do NOT have … innervation

A

cholinergic

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10
Q

blood vessels parasympathetic stimulation

A

muscarinic agonists; ACh –> M3 on the endothelium for vasodilation (decrease blood pressure)

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11
Q

blood vessels sympathetic stimulation

A

a1 agonists; NE,Epi –> a1 for contraction (increase vascular resistance, and blood pressure)

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12
Q

skeletal muscles, pulmonary, abdominal viscera, renal and coronary vessels have …. which cause VASODILATION

A

B2 receptors

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13
Q

kidney dominant tone

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

There is no … innervation of the kidney

A

cholinergic

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15
Q

kidney sympathetic stimulation

A

B1 agonists; NE,Epi –> B1 causing increase renin secretion (increasing angiotensin and BP)

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16
Q

urinary bladder dominant tone

A

parasympathetic (detrusor muscle)

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17
Q

bladder parasympathetic stimulation

A

muscarinic agonist; ACh –> M3, M2 causing detrusor contraction and sphincter relaxation (empty bladder)

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18
Q

bladder sympathetic stimulation

A

B2/B3 agonists; NE –> B3 to relax detrusor muscle
or
NE–> a1 to contract sphincter (prevent bladder emptying)

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19
Q

muscarinic receptor blockers useful to treat.. (BLADDER)

A

urinary incontinence (involuntary urination)

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20
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

enlarged prostate constricts neck of bladder causing retention (no effect on detrusor)

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21
Q

how to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

a1 receptor blocker used to relax external sphincter and help micturition

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22
Q

tracheal and bronchial parasympathetic stimulation

A

muscarinic agonists; ACh–> M2M3 to contract bronchial smooth muscles and increase secretion

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23
Q

tracheal and bronchial sympathetic stimulation

A

B2 agonists; albuterol, Epi –> B2 to RELAX bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilators)

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24
Q

limitation to B2 agonists (T+B)

A

desensitization upon frequent repeated use

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25
non-selective B blockers (T+B)
contract the bronchial muscle
26
first choice to treat asthma: B2 agonists or Muscarinic blockers?
B2 agonists
27
muscarinic blockers (T+B)
relax bronchial muscle and used to treat asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
28
salivary and parotid glands dominant tone
parasympathetic
29
salivary and parotid glands parasympathetic stimulation
muscarinic agonist; ACh --> M3,M2, stimulates salivary and mucus secretions
30
salivary and parotid glands sympathetic stimulation
a1 agonist; adrenergic agonist --> a1 to stimulate salivary secretions mildly
31
xerostomia
dry mouth
32
pilocarpine
a muscarinic agonist used to treat xerostomia caused by radiation therapy of head and neck
33
Sjogren syndrome
autoimmune disease that affects primarily women that causes dry mouth (can be treated with muscarinic agonists provided there are functional glands left)
34
muscarinic antagonists (SALIVARY + PG)
reduce excessive secretions during anaesthesia and surgery
35
GI tract dominant tone
para
36
GI tract para stimulation
muscarinic; ACh--> M3,M2 to contract GI smooth muscle and stimulate peristalsis (increase intestinal gland secretions)
37
M1 will increase...secretion in stomach (GIT)
HCl
38
GI tract sympathetic stimulation
adrenergic agonists --> B2, B1, a1, a2 to RELAX GI smooth muscle (inhibit peristalsis, secretions, and contract sphincters)
39
liver dominant tone
sympathetic innervation
40
Liver sympathetic stimulation
B2 receptor agonists; Epi --> B2 for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (increase plasma glucose in response to hypoglycaemia)
41
uterus dominant tone
sympathetic innervation
42
uterus sympathetic stimulation
B2 agonists; salbutamol, terbutaline --> B2 to cause relaxation of uterine smooth muscle
43
SABAs
can be used to prevent premature labour
44
.... are not indicated for any obstetric condition, only .... given for a max 48 hours.
oral B2 agonists; parenteral SABAs
45
iris muscles (circular and radial)
control pupil size
46
ciliary muscles (circular and longitudinal)
- aqueous humour production | - lens shape and image focus on retina
47
eyes dominant tone
parasympathetic
48
eyes parasympathetic stimulation
contraction of circular (sphincter) fibres of iris and MIOSIS -muscarinic agonists; M3,M3 for contraction of longitudinal ciliary fibres causing opening of trabecular meshwork and drainage of aqueous humor
49
miosis
narrowing/constriction of pupil
50
eyes sympathetic stimulation
- a1 agonist; contraction of radial muscle and MYDRIASIS - a2 agonist reduce aq production - b2 receptors stimulate increased blood flow and aqueous humour secretion
51
mydriasis
dilation of pupil
52
glaucoma
increase in intraocular pressure - increase production and decrease outflow (drainage) of aqueous humour - treat with muscarinic agonists
53
parasympathetic effect on eyes
- circular ciliary M contract - zonules relaxed - lens bulge and focus on near objects
54
parasympathetic blocker effect on eyes
- cicular ciliary M relaxed - zonule stretched - lens pulled flat and focus on distant objects
55
timolol
a B2 antagonist that reduce blood flow and decrease aq humour secretion and pressure in eyes
56
a2 agonist presynaptic action (EYES)
reduce NE release and its effects
57
a2 agonist postsynaptic action (EYES)
reduce aqueous production by reducing cAMP
58
skeletal muscle /motor nerves stimulation
nicotinic agonists; ACh --> Nm to cause muscle contraction
59
neuromuscular blockers
cause skeletal muscle relaxation
60
no ... innervation of skeletal muscle
adrenergic
61
muscle paralysis caused by irreversible ChE (depolarizing paralysis) inhibitors cannot be reversed by...
drugs
62
ChE inhibitors
organophosphate, insecticides, nerve gases
63
competitive nicotinic receptor antagonists and depolarizing blockers are..
used to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery
64
two types of Nm blockers
competitive (d-tubocurarine) and depolarizing (succinylcholine)
65
succinylcholine
- agonist | - causes persistent stimulation and depolarization so muscle cannot recover and becomes paralyzed
66
why is succinylcholine so persistent?
it is not rapidly metabolized by cholinesterase
67
brain stimulation
ACh --> M1, M4 for memory and coordination of muscle contraction
68
M1 (BRAIN)
in hippocampus plays a role in memory in the striatum | -interacts with dopamine to control muscle contraction
69
indirect cholinergic agonists (BRAIN)
ChE inhibitors used clinically for Alzheimer's disease (off of cholinergic function)
70
muscarinic antagonists (BRAIN)
used for Parkinson's disease (unbalanced excess cholinergic function)

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