Domestic policies under Cromwell (1532-40) (8) Flashcards
Who brought the phase of conciliar government to an end?
Thomas Cromwell
What did Thomas Cromwell suggest?
To make a break with Rome and place himself as head of an English Church.
What was Cromwell by 1532?
Henry’s chief minister.
When did Parliament’s role in government develop?
During the year 1529 to 1536, when the so-called “Reformation Parliament” was in session.
How were both the divorce and the break with Rome accomplished?
Through the use of statute law (Acts of Parliament), whose supremacy over cannon law (the law of the Church) was firmly established.
How had the Catholic Church become weaker as an institution?
By the humanist criticisms of Colet and Erasmus and the anticlerical satire of Simon Fish.
How and when had the Church’s claims to legal supremacy been challenged?
In 1528 by the lawyer Christopher St German, who asserted the superiority of English law over the cannon law of the Church.
What was the Collectanea Satis Copiosa?
The collection of historical documents compiled by two Cambridge theologians, Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe, which looked to justify the king’s divorce on the basis of legal and historical principles.
Give two way Henry and Cromwell pressurised the Pope?
1532- House of Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries- This was designed to increase anticlerical pressure within the House of Commons.
1532- Formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII, This provoked the resignation of Sir Thomas More as Lord Chancellor.
Who forced the annulment issue?
Anne Boleyn she consented to having sexual relations with Henry.
How was Henry’s path eased?
By the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham and he was replaced by Thomas Cranmer.
Who became leader of the Reformation?
Thomas Cranmer.
What was known in December 1532?
Anne Boleyn was pregnant.
When did Henry and Anne marry?
In a secret ceremony on 25th January 1533.
When was the marriage of Henry and Catherine annulled?
In may 1533 by Archbishop Cranmer.
When was Henry child born?
Born on the 7th September 1533 but it was a girl, princess Elizabeth, not a boy.
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
It was a measure to achieve the break from Rome, it was drafted expertly by Cromwell in April 1533 and founded on the evidence in the Collectanea.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
It was a measure to achieve the break from Rome, November 1534 gave legislative forces to the royal supremacy. It stated that the king would be the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This act effectively accomplished the break from Rome.
What did the Act of Succession declare?
1) Henry’s marriage to Catherine was void
2) The succession should be vested in the children of his marriage to Anne.
3) To deny the validity of Henry’s marriage to Anne was treasonable.
4) An oath should be taken to affirm an individual’s acceptance of the new marriage.
What was the Treason Act?
(November 1534), was tightened so that treason could be committed by the spoken word as well as by deed or writing and so that it was treasonable to describe the king as “heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel or usurper of the Crown.”
What was the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown?
(November 1534) was typically cynical move by Henry and Cromwell. The Annates paid by a bishop, which had been intolerable when paid to the Pope, now became perfectly acceptable when paid to the king.
What did the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown increase?
The financial burden of the clergy, and strengthened the royal supremacy.
When did the dissolution of monasteries begin and what did it ensure?
Begun in 1536 and completed by 1542, the dissolution ensured that a vast amount of the Church’s land was confiscated by the Crown.
What did the dissolution of monasteries increase?
Significantly increased wealth and therefore increased power of the Crown.
By 1540 what was Cromwell’s influence like?
It was declining.
What happened in 1537?
Henry’s wife Jane Seymour had died whilst giving birth to the long-awaited male heir, Prince Edward.
What did Cromwell try and do in 1540?
To reconcile Henry with a German Princes Anne of Cleves.
What did Henry think of Anne of Cleves?
He liked what he saw but Anne proved unsuitable to Henry personally, and the match had become unwelcome politically.
What happened to the marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves?
It was quickly annulled, destroying what remained of Cromwell’s credibility with the king.
What was Cromwell accused of?
Treason and heresy at a Council meeting and was executed on 28th July 1540.
