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GIS > Domande_GIS > Flashcards

Domande_GIS Flashcards

1
Q

What is Geomatics?

A

Geomatics is the discipline that concerns the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, and presentation of geographic data or information. It integrates geographic-related methods and techniques with informatics, including GNSS, remote sensing, GIS, and more.

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2
Q

What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?

A

GIS is a configuration of computer hardware and software designed for acquiring, maintaining, and using cartographic data. It examines spatial relationships, patterns, and trends in geography.

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3
Q

What are examples of spatial questions in GIS?

A

Examples include:
* Where is the closest hospital?
* What areas are at risk of flooding?
* How has land use changed over time?

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4
Q

How did GIS evolve from traditional to digital cartography?

A

GIS evolved from thematic mapping with key developments including:
* 16th-century observation instruments.
* 1854 cholera map by John Snow.
* 1960s: CGIS by Roger Tomlinson.
* 1975-onward: interactive GIS software.

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5
Q

What are the differences between CAD and GIS?

A

CAD focuses on graphic representation and large-scale designs, while GIS manages shape, attributes, and spatial analysis with multi-scale analysis.

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6
Q

What is a digital twin?

A

A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or process, providing real-time analysis.

Example: ESA’s ‘Destination Earth’ project for monitoring climate and natural disasters.

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7
Q

What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)?

A

An SDI facilitates discovery, access, and sharing of geospatial data. Components include GIS software, catalog services, spatial data services, and geodatabases.

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8
Q

What are vector data types in GIS?

A

Vector data represent points, lines, and polygons, described by vertices and stored in attribute tables. Storage formats include shapefiles, GeoJSON, KML, and GPX.

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9
Q

What are raster data types in GIS?

A

Raster data consist of pixel grids with key resolutions including spatial, temporal, and radiometric resolution.

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10
Q

What are the differences between vector and raster data?

A

Vector is ideal for discrete features (e.g., roads), while raster is better for continuous data (e.g., elevation).

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11
Q

What is metadata in GIS?

A

Metadata is data about data, detailing content, quality, and usage, helping users evaluate datasets for fitness of use.

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12
Q

What are data catalogues in GIS?

A

Catalogues inventory available data and reduce the time spent searching, shifting focus from data discovery to analysis.

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13
Q

What is INSPIRE?

A

A European initiative ensuring interoperable geospatial data for environmental policies, focusing on data collection efficiency and cross-border accessibility.

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14
Q

What is COPERNICUS?

A

The EU’s Earth Observation Programme provides services for land, emergency, and climate monitoring, including rapid disaster mapping.

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15
Q

What is Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)?

A

VGI leverages user-contributed data, as seen in OpenStreetMap (OSM), which offers free, editable maps with millions of contributors.

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16
Q

What is topography in surveying?

A

Topography studies methods for surveying small Earth surfaces.

17
Q

What is photogrammetry?

A

Photogrammetry derives metric information from images.

18
Q

What is a Total Station?

A

A Total Station measures angles and distances.

Pros: precision. Cons: accessibility and time consumption.

19
Q

What are RPAS?

A

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems offer high-resolution surveys of inaccessible areas.

Cons include weather sensitivity.

20
Q

What is GNSS?

A

GNSS uses satellite constellations to determine geographic positions.

Pros: georeferenced data. Cons: lower precision in obstructed areas.

21
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy is how close measurements are to the true value, while precision is the consistency of repeated measurements.

22
Q

What is a Coordinate Reference System (CRS)?

A

A CRS defines spatial locations via a datum, coordinate system, and projection, with examples including geographic and projected systems.

23
Q

What are QGIS layers?

A

QGIS integrates tools for spatial analysis and visualization, referencing data sources with properties like symbology and metadata.

24
Q

What are ellipsoidal measurements?

A

Ellipsoidal measurements account for Earth’s curvature, while Cartesian distances assume a flat surface.

25
Q

What is attribute management in GIS?

A

Attributes in GIS are tabular data linked to spatial features, with tools in QGIS for filtering, editing, and relating attributes.

26
Q

What is vector layers symbolization?

A

Symbology visualizes attributes with types including single symbol, categorized, and graduated rendering.

27
Q

What is raster layers symbolization?

A

Rendering options include single-band, multiband, hillshade, and pseudocolor.

28
Q

What is digitization in editing vector data?

A

Digitization converts features into digital formats, with tools including snapping and topology.

29
Q

What is processing vector data in QGIS?

A

QGIS’s processing framework automates vector operations like clipping, intersecting, and joining.

30
Q

What is processing raster data?

A

Raster operations include map algebra, terrain analysis, and georeferencing.

31
Q

What is spatial interpolation?

A

Interpolation predicts values for unsampled locations using algorithms like IDW and Kriging.

32
Q

What is suitability analysis?

A

Suitability analysis combines geospatial data to evaluate locations based on criteria.

33
Q

What is advanced processing in GIS?

A

Includes batch processing, QGIS plugins, and geoprocessing models that automate workflows.

34
Q

What are the types of maps?

A

Maps vary by scale and content, including thematic maps like choropleths and heat maps.

35
Q

What is a map layout?

A

Effective maps balance clarity, contrast, and unity, including elements like titles and legends.

GIS (2 decks)

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