Domain I: Principles of Dietetics Flashcards
Vitamin A Precursor/Provitamin
Carotene
Vitamin A Toxic Level
10,000 IU
Vitamin A Function
skin, vision
Vitamin A Sources
cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato
Vitamin A Deficiency
nyctalopia (reversible); xerophthalmia (non-reversible)
Vitamin D Precursor
Cholesterol
Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets (children); Osteomalacia (adults)
What is the another name for Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Vitamin E Function
Antioxidant
Which is the least toxic vitamin?
Vitamin E
Vitamin K synthesized by what and where?
bacteria in lower intestinal tract
Vitamin K function
forms prothrombin
Vitamin K deficiency
May lead to hemorrhage -> slow clotting
Vitamin B1 Name
Thiamin
Vitamin K Sources
spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy vegetables
B1 Properties
LOST as temperature or pH rises, heat stable in acidic solution
Main Function B1
oxidation of carbohydrates, increase in CHO requires more thiamin in diet
Sources of B1 (Thiamin)
grains, wheat germ, pork, liver
Thiamin Deficiency
beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss
Laboratory Value indicating deficiency of Thiamin
Elevated Plasma Pyruvate (needed for metabolism of pyruvate)
Vitamin B2 Name
Riboflavin
B2 Function
required for energy release, destroyed by UV light
B2 Deficiency
affects cells with rapid turnover, leads to growth failure
Symptoms of B2 Deficiency
Cheilosis (cracked lips), Angular Stomatitis (mouth corner cracks), Magenta tongue
Niacin Precursor
Tryptophan
Niacin Function
metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
Symptoms of Niacin Deficiency
pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, bright red tongue
Folate Function
DNA synthesis, prevents neural tube defects; with B12-> RBC formation
Sources of Folate
fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
Name for Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Function B6
acts as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism (deamination, transamination); increase in protein requires increase in pyridoxine
Name for B12
Cyanocobalamin
Properties Vitamin B12
contains cobalt, bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice
Deficiency in B12
megaloblastic anemia; pernicious anemia after gastrectomy, removal of ileum
Pantothenic Acid
functions as coenzyme A in energy release
Vitamin C/Ascorbic Acid Properties
is the most easily destroyed and has a structure like glucose
Vitamin C
changes proline to hydroxyproline into collagen -> aids in wound healing
Biotin is synthesized by what?
intestinal bacteria
Biotin acts as
a conenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
___ lowers serum calcium by inhibiting ___
calcitonin; bone reabsorption
Functions of Calcium
blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
Deficiency in Calcium
hypocalcemia leads to tetany (irregular muscle contraction)
Phosphorus Properties and Functions
second most abundant mineral, part of DNA, in phospholipids that transport fat, found in animal proteins
Sources of Phosphorus
meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese
Iron Properties and Functions
Oxygen transport, part of hemoglobin, ferritin assessment of iron status, ferrous most absorbable form of iron
Iron Absorption Aids
gastric juice, vitamin C, calcium in presence of oxalates
Does not aid in Iron Absoprtion
eggs, tea, milk, cheese
Magnesium Function and Properties
part of chlorophyll, needed for protein and fatty acid synthesis; high protein, calcium, and vitamin D consumption increases need
Zinc Function and Properties
excess leads to copper or iron deficiency, increases taste acuity, enhances insulin action
Sources fo Zinc
meat, liver, eggs, fish; phytates and copper decrease absoprtion
Copper Function and Properties
attached to protein ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin synthesis, aids in iron absoprtion
Copper Deficiency
Wilson’s disease: low serum copper
Chromium Function and Properties
aids in insulin action, required for glucose metabolism
Which two minerals are required for glucose metabolsim?
chromium + zinc
Sulfur Properties and Sources
part of amino acids cysteine, methionine; animal protein (meat, fish, eggs, poultry)
Choline
component of lecithin
What is the insensible water loss per day?
0.8-1.2 L/day (skin, breathing)
Sodium AW and Valence
23; 1
Potassium AW/Valance
39; 1
Calcium AW/Valence
40; 2
Formula mEq/Mg conversion
mEq/V = mg/AW
Crispiness (state of turgor) of fruit and vegetables is due to
osmotic pressure of water-filled vacuoles
What is the limiting amino acid in soybeans
methionine
What accelerates ripening of fruits during storage
ethylene
Which two fruits and vegetables should be washed right before eating?
berries and mushrooms
Acid solution forms what from chlorophyll
phenophytin
Alkaline solution forms what from chlorophyll
Chlorophyllin
What pigment contributes to the red colors in tomatoes
Lycopene
Onions may turn what color when cooked in an aluminum pan
yellow
Grade A canned fruits and vegetables
desserts, salads ; Fancy
Grade B canned fruits and vegetables
processed; choice
Grade C canned fruits and vegetables
puddings, pies, Standard
Who grades canned fruit and vegetables
USDA
How to cook cabbage
cook for short time, keep lid off initially to let acids escape, cook in large amount of water
10 can contains ___ cans/case
6
10 can = __ net weight
6 lbs. 9 oz
10 can measures ___
13 cups
10 can __ servings
20-25
Collagen
hydrolyzed to gelatin in heat and becomes tender
Elastin
resistant to heat, therefore little change occurs in cooking
Pork is a good source of what vitamin
Thiamin
Fish canned with bones, oysters, and shrimp are high in what mineral
calcium
What causes the green color in meat
further oxidation of myoglobin
Vacuum-packing meat extends storage life of meat and is ___
anaerobic (oxygen permeable film)
Inspection of meat is done by __ at ___
USDA; slaughter
Grades of meat (from highest to lowest)
prime, choice, select, standard
Meat cuts determine what
method of cooking
Most tender cuts of meat come from
least used muscles
Least tender cuts of meat come from
most used muscles
Which meats need a minimum internal temperature of 145 F?
pork, beef, veal, lamb, steaks, roast, fish
Which meats need a minimum internal temperature of 160F
ground beef, ground veal, ground lamb
Which meets need an internal temperature of 165F?
turkey, chicken, duck
Purpose of nitrate additives in cured meats?
inhibit botulism
Dry heat cooking method is used for what cuts of meat?
tender cuts
What is carry over cooking?
occurs for 10 minutes when meat is removed from the oven, internal temperature will rise 15-25 F
Braising is what kind of cooking methid?
moist heat
The egg yolk
is more concentrated that the white; has more protein by weight, more fat, vitamin, and minerals
Grading of eggs is based on
candling- passed in front of bright light to view contents
Adding an acid will __ the egg white foam
stiffen
egg whites at ___ whip more quickly and yield ___ volume due to ___ surface tension
room temperature; larger; lower
The larger the % sag, the ___
more tender the gel of a custard
when eggs are held in the refrigerator for too long
lose carbon dioxide making the egg more alkaline
Buttermilk is made from
skimmed or partly skimmed milk and lactic acid bacteria
When using buttermilk in place of regular milk in recipe,
increase baking soda
acidophilus milk has
lower lactose
when milk is heated ____ protein precipitates
whey
adding an acid to milk precipitates ___
caesin
Rank creams from most fat to least fat
heavy or think, medium, whipped cream, light or thin, sour cream, half anf half
What is the purpose for adding disodium phosphate to processed cheese?
prevents fat separation leading to a smoother texture, this is why processed cheese is better for cooking
What is added to quick-cooking cereals to make the particles swell?
disodium phosphate - makes cereal alkaline. Patients on low sodium diets should avoid.
Rank flours from most to least protein
bread, all purpose flour, pastry, cake
Adding bran to flour ____ volume of end product. What do you do to compensate?
decreases; increase flour and liquid
Quick breads basic ingredients
egg and flour
What happens when quick breads are excessively mixed?
loss of carbon dioxide, overdeveloped gluten, forms tunnels
Old baking powder
more alkaline which causes a loss of thiamin in baked goods
Sugar is ___. It modifies texture my tenderizing product
hygroscopic
What are the ingredients in a pastry?
flour, salt, liquid, fat
When substituting butter/margarine for lard/oil
use more
How is tenderness enhanced in pie crust?
using oil, soft fats, or fat cut into very small pieces
How is flakiness promoted?
leaving at in coarse particles
to get a clear, shinny white sauce
use cornstarch as thickener
To produce smoother ice cream ____
increase the fat; use heavy cream instead of light cream
What is the enzyme found in fresh/frozen pineapple that breaks down protein and prevents gelatinization
Bromelain
Brewing coffee at temperatures above 203F
increases bitterness because tannin is extracted
Emulsifier additives
monoglycerides, diglycerides, lecithin, disoium phosphate
What is glycerol monosterate?
a humectant that retains water and increases firmness of food
Nitrate additives
inhibits spores of clostridium botulinum
Proprionate
mold inhibitor
Isoflavones in soybeans
lower elevated cholesterol
Define food synergy
additive influence of foods and constituents which, when eaten, have a beneficial effect on health
Keep reading level materials at __ grade for general public and ___ grade for lower literacy
8th; 6th
Formative Evaluation
early or during course of education.
helps pinpoint parts mastered and parts not mastered
allows for revision of plans and methods to improve the process
Summative Evaluation
designed at planning stage and conducted at the end
The Fediral Register
lists changes in USDA food programs
Correlation studies or ecological studies
compare the frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors
Parallel versus cross over design
parallel - participants are randomly assigned to one group and remain in that group
crossover- each participants serves as their own control (longer, but decreases variance)
Cross sectional studies (prevalence)
a snap-shot look at one point in time; describes current, nor past or future events
Analysis of variance
used when several (three or more) products compete against one another. Answers: are there one or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the samples
Dependent variables are
outcomes
Independent variables
are what you manipulate in the study
Treatments for diseases are ____ variables
independent
What are the three measures of central tendency
arithmetic mean, median, mode
about 2/3 (68%) of all observations in a ___ distribution lie within ___ SD of the mean
normal; 1
mortality
rate of death
morbidity
state of disease
Enzymes are __
protein
Which coenzymes are necessary for energy production?
pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin
age group with the highest BMR
0-2 years of age
to lower the RQ
increase fat intake
Sulfur containing amino acids
Homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, taurine (methionine and cysteine are the ones incorporated into proteins)
Essential Amino Acids
Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine
soybeans are low in
methionine
most polyunsaturated fat
safflower oil
most unsaturated fat
canola oil
most monounsaturated fat
olive oil
Lack of Linoleic acid
omega-6, leads to poor growth rate
a-linolenic
omega-3
omega is designated at
first double bond from the methyl group
most saturated fat
coconut oil
sources of trans fatty acids
margarines, shortenings, frying fats
Winterized oil
used for salad dressings, treated so that they won’t crystalize when cold, clear oil
examples: corn, soy, cottonseed oils
Normal range of serum sodium
136-145 mEq/L
Normal range for pH
7.35-7.45
Normal range for pCO2
35-45
Normal range for HCO3
22-26
Respiratory acidosis causes
CO2 retention, hypoventilation, emphysema
Respiratory alkalosis
loss of CO2, hyperventilation, anxiety, severe exercise
Metabolic acidosis
renal disease, kidneys excrete too much bicarbonate, retention of hydrogen ions
metabolic alkalosis
abnormal retention of base, diuretics, vomiting, loss of acis
Compensatory Response of respiratory acidosis
kidneys increase absorption of the base (bicarbonate)
Compensatory Response of respiratory alkalosis
kidneys excrete bicarbonate
Compensatory Response of metabolic acidosis
respiration increases to expel CO2 (to reduce carbonic acid), hyperventilation
Compensatory Response of metabolic alkalosis
respiration decreases to retain CO2 and increase carbonic acid, hypoventilation
EER for 0-6 months female
520
EER for 0-6 months male
570
EER 7-12 months female
676
EER for 7-12 months male
743
Breast-fed infants need what supplements
400 IU vitamin D, 0.25 mg fluoride
Infants need how much formula
2.5 oz/lb/day
which age group is at most risk for dietary deficiencies
adolescence
secondary cause of FTT
lack of fiber leading to chronic constipation and diminished intake
RDA protein for males and females
M: 56 g F: 46 g
Name botanicals that may have potential interactions with anticoagulants
black cohosh, garlic, ginger, ginkgo bibola, ginseng
Valerian root
avoid with liver disease
Liver role in digestion
produces bile, stores glycogen, synthesizes glucose
Protein digestion begins in
the stomach
CCK
stimulated from duodenum when fat enters body, causes the release of bile
Secretin
stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and water into duodenum
Colon
absorbs water, salts, and vitamins syntheziesdby bacteria (vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin)
Colonic salvage
fermentation and absorption of end-products of carbohydrate, fiber, amino acid breakdown
Bacteria converts CHO and fibers into
short chain fatty acids which stimulate water and sodium absorption in the colon, and provides substrates for energy production
Lactase is produced in
small intestine
enzymes available for CHO digestion available in what order
- maltase, sucrase
- lactase
- pancreatic amylase
Which is the most glucogenic amino acid
alanine
Glucocorticoids
protein -> glucose (requires paradoxine)
Epinephrine
decreases release of insulin from pancreases during catabolic stress; blood glucose rises
What are the end products of metabolsim
energy (ATP), CO2, water
purpose of glycolysis is to
produce pyruvate for the Kreb’s cycle
aerobic glycolysis
pyruvate
anaerobic glycolysis
lactate
Cori cycle
converts lactate back to pyruvate
What nutrients are required in the Kreb’s cycle
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium, lipoic acid
ACETYL COA
IS THE INTERMEDIATE BREAKDOWN PRODUCT OF CHO, FAT, PROTEIN
conversion of oxaloacetate form pyruvate requires
biotin
which reaction is irreversible
pyruvic acid -> acetyl CoA
Branched chain amino acids
valine, leucine, isoleucine
Nitrogen Balance formula
(intake/6.25) - (UUN + 4)
Deamination
splitting off NH2 by hydrolysis in the liver
Transamination
transfer of amino group to a ketoacid to form a new amino group
Glucocorticoids are
catabolic, stimulate gluconeogenesis releasing glucose from protein