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CompTIA A+ 1101 > Domain 2.0 - Networking > Flashcards

Domain 2.0 - Networking Flashcards

1
Q

What port(s) do(es) FTP use?

A

TCP/20 for active mode data and TCP/21 for controlling the data transfers?

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2
Q

What port(s) do(es) SSH use?

A

TCP/22

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3
Q

What port(s) do(es) Telnet use?

A

TCP/23

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4
Q

What port(s) do(es) SMTP use?

A

TCP/25

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5
Q

What port(s) do(es) DNS use?

A

UDP/53

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6
Q

What port(s) do(es) DHCP use?

A

UDP/67 and UDP/68

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7
Q

What port(s) do(es) HTTP(s) use?

A

TCP/80 for HTTP
TCP/443 for HTTPS

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8
Q

What port(s) do(es) POP3 use?

A

TCP/110

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9
Q

What port(s) do(es) IMAP4 use?

A

TCP/143

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10
Q

What port(s) do(es) SMB use?

A

UDP/137 for NetBIOS Name Service
TCP/139 for NetBIOS Session Service (nbsession)
TCP/445 for NetBIOS-less (Direct SMB)

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11
Q

What port(s) do(es) SNMP use?

A

UDP/161 for certain statistics
UDP/162 for SNMP traps (monitors)

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12
Q

What port(s) do(es) RDP use?

A

TCP/3389

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13
Q

What is FTP used for?

A

To transfer files over a network connection. Usually authenticates via a username and password but some systems use a generic/anonymous login. Most FTP applications have full functionality such as as list, add, delete, etc.

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14
Q

What is SSH?

A

SSH is an encrypted CLI-based protocol that allows users to access devices remotely THAT IS SECURE.

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15
Q

What is Telnet?

A

Telnet is an unencrypted CLI-based protocol that allows users to access devices remotely THAT IS NOT SECURE.

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16
Q

What is SMTP?

A

A protocol that is used to send mail from a client to a server. Has two models.
End-to-End: Used to send mail in between organizations.
Store-and-Forward: Used to send mail inside of an organization.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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17
Q

What is DNS?

A

A distributed database implemented in a name of hierarchy servers. Most commonly known for providing the conversions of IP addresses into URLs for people to easily memorize. Domain Name Servicem

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18
Q

What is DHCP?

A

A protocol that assigns host machines with an IP address through a 4 step process of:
1.) Discover: Devices will attempt to locate a DHCP server via a DHCP Discover message that is sent as a Layer 2 and 3 broadcast out port UPD/67.
2.) Offer: DHCP server offers a device an IP; data is sent as a Layer 2 unicast but still a Layer 3 broadcast on UDP/68.
3.) Request: Device officially requests the IP address; data is sent as a Layer 2 unicast but still Layer 3 broadcast as the client hasn’t accepted the IP information yet on UDP /67.
4.) Acknowledgement: DHCP acknowledges that the client has accepted the provided DHCP lease on UDP/68.

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19
Q

What is HTTP(S)?

A

Used for web traffic. HTTPS is the secure encrypted version.

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20
Q

What is POP3?

A

Used for basic mail transfer functionality, however once downloaded from a server it is then deleted from the server.

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21
Q

What is IMAP4?

A

Used for mail transfer functionality; allows for messages to be stored in a mailbox and built for multi-client use.

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22
Q

What is SMB?

A

Used by Microsoft Windows for file sharing. Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System).

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23
Q

What is SNMP?

A

A protocol that allows for the management of the network. v1 introduced structured tables and was unencrpypted. v2 added Data type enhancements and bulk transfers. v3 added message integrity, authentication, and was finally encrypted.

24
Q

What is RDP?

A

RDP is allows for desktops to remote into other machines.

25
Q

What is LDAP?

A

LDAP allows machines to store and retrieve network information in a network directory. Is most commonly used by Active Directory.

26
Q

What are three planes in SDN?

A

Data, Control, Application

27
Q

What is the Data plane in SDN?

A

Plane that handles the processing of frames and packets. Handles the forwarding, trunking, encrypting, and NAT.

28
Q

What is the Control plane?

A

Manages the actions of the data plane. Handles routing tables, session tables, NAT tables, and dynamic routing protocol updates.

29
Q

What is the Application plane in SDN?

A

Configures and manages the device such as the SSH/telnet, web-based browser, and APIs.

30
Q

Describe 802.11a

A

Released in Oct. 1999
Operates in the 5 GHz range and runs at 54 Mbit/s.
Legacy; not commonly seen today.

31
Q

Describe 802.11b

A

Released in Oct 1999
Operates in the 2.4 GHz range at 11 Mbit/s.
Better range than 802.11a and less absorption problems.
More frequency problems than 802.11a.

32
Q

Describe 802.11g

A

Released in June 2003
Operates in the 2.4 GHz range at 11 Mbit/s
Backwards compatible with 802.11b.
Same frequency issues as 802.11b.

33
Q

Describe 802.11n

A

Released in Oct 2009
Upgrade from all previous Wi-Fi standards
Operates at both 2.4 and 5 GHz
40 MHz channel widths
600 Mbit/s speed
Introduced MIMO

34
Q

Describe 802.11ac

A

Released in Jan 2014
Operates exclusively in 5 GHz band as it has more frequencies, up to 160 MHz
Increased channel bonding which led to bigger bandwidth
Denser signaling modulation which led to faster data transfers
Eight MU-MIMO downlink streams with nearly 7 Gbit/s

35
Q

Describe 802.11ax

A

Released in Feb 2021
Operates at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz
20, 40, 80, 160 MHz channel widths
1.2 Gbit/s speed with eight bi-directional MU-MIMO streams
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)
Improves high-density installations
Works similar to cellular communication

36
Q

Outdoor antennas

A

Fixed for inter-building communications that are located miles apart
P2P connection.
Signal strength is usually regulated.
Requires expert installation

37
Q

RFID

A

Everywhere.
Used for access badges.
Used for inventory and assembly line tracking.
Used for pet/animal ID.
Anything that needs tracked.
Radio energy transmitted to tag powers tag and ID and other data is transferred back

38
Q

NFC

A

Builds on RFID, used for access tokens, payment systems, and Bluetooth pairing.

39
Q

IPv4

A

Fields are 4 bytes; total 32 bits.
4.29 million IP addresses

40
Q

IPv6

A

Backbone of internet infrastructure
128 bit addresses; 16 octets; total 340 undecillion addresses
DNS is now even more important.
IPv6 is subnetted with a 64 bit mask.

41
Q

What’s better: Manually assigning static IP or configuring an IP reservation?

A

IP reservation on a DHCP server that way it reduces the chances of an IP conflict.

42
Q

What is the address range for APIPA?

A

169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255.
Uses ARP to determine if an address is available.

43
Q

What are some examples of TLDs?

A

TLDs are Top-Level Domains
Examples are .edu; .com; .net; .org; etc.

44
Q

What are Resource Records?

A

The database files for DNS.

45
Q

What’s the Resource Records for IP?

A

A for IPv4, AAAA for IPv6

46
Q

What’s the Resource Records for email?

A

MX Record (Mail Exchange)

47
Q

What are Text Records?

A

Originally designed for informal purposes; now used for verification, especially for external email servers.

SPF or Sender Policy Framework is a record that contains a list of all servers authorized to send emails for x domain. Helps to prevent email spoofing.

48
Q

Explain DKIM.

A

DKIM (Domain Keys Identified Mail) Resource Record will digitally sign a domains outgoing mail. Validated by the email server and the public key is in the DKIM TXT Record. Not seen by end user.

49
Q

Explain DMARC.

A

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance) Resource Record prevents unauthorized email use and is an extension of SPF and DKIM. You decide what external should do with emails that don’t validate through SPF or DKIM Policy and this is written in the DMARC TXT Record.

50
Q

What are the DHCP scopes?

A

IP address range and excluded address range.
Subnet mask.
Lease durations.
DNS server.
Default gateway.
VOIP servers.

T1 timer checks in with lending DHCP server to renew the IP address at 50% of the lease time.
T2 timer checks in with lending DHCP server to renew the IP address at 7/8ths of the lease time.

51
Q

Satellite Networking

A

Communication to a low-orbit satellite.
High-cost relative to terrestrial networking.
For remote and difficult-to-network sites.
50 Mbit/s down, 3 Mbit/s up are commonn
High latency such as 250 ms up, 250 ms down
Tend to operate in high frequencies such as 2.4 GHz
Line of sight.

52
Q

Fiber Networking

A

Frequencies of light.
Higher installation cost than copper.
Difficult to repair.
Communicate over long distances.
SONET, wavelength division multiplexing.

53
Q

Cable Broadband

A

Brings internet in over same cable as cable TC.
Transmission across multiple frequencies of different traffic types on same cable.
DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification)
50 Mbit/s to 1Gbit/s is common.

54
Q

DSL

A

Digital Subsriber Line. Most of the time it’s called ADSL because downstream and upstream traffic speeds are different.

55
Q

WISP

A

Wireless Internet Service Provider.
Terrestrial internet access using wireless internet.
Many different deployment options such as meshed 802.11, 5G home internet, or proprietary wireless.
Needs outdoor antenna.

56
Q

What’s a SAN?

A

Storage area network; High speed network that allows one to communicate to a large storage base. Requires high amounts of bandwidth and usually have block-level access making it very efficient for reading and writing.

CompTIA A+ 1101 (3 decks)

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