Domain 1: Professional Information and Resources and Teaching and Learning in O&M

Question 1

Behavioral Learning Theory

Answer 1

attempts to explain learning in terms of observable changes in the behavior or a person.

Is broken down into classical and operant conditioning.

Question 2

Classical Conditioning
- unconditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus
- conditioned response

Answer 2

Behavioral Learning Theory

Involves reflexive actions
Unconditioned response – salvation
Unconditioned stimulus - smell of food
Conditioned (learned) Response - reflexive response to something that naturally would not produce that response (ex. salvation to sound of bell)

Question 3

What are two things a student might learn first in outdoors lessons?

Answer 3

1. how to walk along a sidewalk without constantly bumping into the shoreline on either side of him, and
2. how to detect the curbs or ramps at street corners with the long cane.

When working on this skill, choose environments with clearly defined shorelines and less traffic.

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

involves use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to change behavior.

use of reinforcers (positive/negative)

Question 5

Gestalt Learning Theory

Answer 5

seeks to understand how the human brain perceives experiences as wholes, rather than the sum of its parts.

Question 6

Principle of Closure

Answer 6

Gestalt Learning Theory

states that people can fill in gaps of information as necessary to make sense of the total presentation.

Question 7

Is the following an example of a positive reinforcer, positive punisher, negative reinforcer, or negative punishment?

Ex. A hall pass is given to reward a student for safe indoor travel.

Answer 7

Positive Reinforcer

Providing a positive stimulus to strengthen a behavior.

Question 8

Is the following an example of a positive reinforcer, positive punisher, negative reinforcer, or negative punisher?

An O&M instructor chastises a student for not using a can eat school in order to encourage him to use one in the future.

Answer 8

Positive Punisher

Adding aversive stimulus to weaken a behavior.

Question 9

Is the following an example of a positive reinforcer, positive punisher, negative reinforcer, or negative punisher?

Ex - Too narrow an arc width causes stepping off a curb on his side, but a wider arc width corrects this situation.

Answer 9

Negative Reinforcer

Removing aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior.

Question 10

Is the following an example of a positive reinforcer, positive punisher, negative reinforcer, or negative punisher?

Ex. A student is removed from a favorite restaurant when he or she exhibits acting-out behavior.

Answer 10

Negative Punisher

Removing a valued stimulus to weaken a behavior.

Question 11

Learning is an active process and is related to the child’s interaction with the environment
Children are active participants in the learning process and their interactions with the environment are how learning and development occur.
The environment should consist of materials and information that are not too far beyond children’s current level
Teachers need to understand that cog dev is a prerequisite for learning and it is critical to know each child and engage him in developmentally app activities

Answer 11

Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget)

Question 12

Children develop at the center of interconnected relationships and environments that influence their development.
Children learn to interact and behave as a result of the interactions and influences within multiple systems.
Teachers need to be aware of how the environment influences children’s learning, and they should involve the community within the classroom and children within the community.

Answer 12

Ecological Systems Theory

Question 13

Learning is a social process that occurs through daily interactions with the environment and through natural experiences.
Children learn best by doing and acting upon the world around them.
The various environments in which children live should be connected and interrelated.
Teachers guide learning by providing opportunities for experience and experimentation.

Answer 13

Learning Theory (Dewey)

Question 14

Development occurs in stages that occur throughout life and stresses the relationship between the stages and social experiences.
Children are passive learners, developing individual personality traits and obtaining skills needed to become dynamic members of their society.
The environment assists children in obtaining characteristics needed to adapt to, and be a successful member of, his or her society.
Teachers must understand the stages of social-emotional development and help children transition from one stage to the next

Answer 14

Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)

Question 15

Learning occurs through a series of Antecedent-Response- consequence contingencies which increase or decrease the likelihood that bx will occur again.
Children gain knowledge about how the environment reinforces, supports, or challenges a behavior.
The environment reinforces or punishes learning, causing learning to be more or less likely to occur again.

Answer 15

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Question 16

Teachers need to model target behaviors and understand the importance of observation to young children’s development.
Learning occurs through interactions between a child and an individual who has more knowledge .
During initial learning process for children , interactions with the environment facilitate learning by directly teaching the child to think and behave.
Teachers need to incorporate social interaction and play across daily activities to promote cognitive and language development.

Answer 16

Sociocultural/Sociohistorical Theory (Vygotsky)

Question 17

Reauthorized in 2004
Mandates a free and appropriate public education for all children with disabilities ages 3-21
State-identified lead agency supports children below 3
Dep of Education
Dep of Health and Human Services
Other

Answer 17

IDEA, Part B, section 619