Domain 1 Flashcards
Cardiopulmonary system: changes associated with aging
-Thickening of inner lining of heart
-decreased cardiac output
-changes in elastin of the arterial walls
-reduced lung volume
Oculomotor control
Ability to move eyes in all directions/together
Oculomotor impairments may cause
Increased head movement
Difficulty keeping place
Stereognosis
Ability to perceive objects through touch without visual or auditory cues
Tactile discrimination, haptic/tactile gnosia
Strabismus
“Wandering eye”
Condition in which the eyes do not align when looking at an object that may impact accurately reaching for objects or reading
Strabismus
Visual ability to differentiate between shades of color and an object and its background
Contrast sensitivity
The ability to see 3-dimensional objects and perceive depth; may be impaired by:
• monocular vision
• strabismus
Stereopsis
mechanism of the eye that allows clarity of vision when a visual stimulus moves close to or away from the eyes
Eye accommodation
The ability to move the eyes horizontally or vertically
OR
The ability of the eyes to systematically search
Visual scanning
Visual scanning impairments:
Decreased visual attention
Difficulty reading
Difficulty navigating
The ability of the visual system to clearly discriminate shapes and details in the environment
Visual acuity
Impaired central vision
Central scotoma
The area that a person can see via central and peripheral vision
Visual field
Examples of visual field deficits:
• central scotoma
• homonymous hemianopia
• quadrantanopia
Cranial nerve associated with motor movement of the tongue
Cranial nerve XII: hypoglossal nerve
Cranial nerve innervating the SCM and trapezius muscles for motor movements of shoulder and neck
Cranial nerve XI: spinal accessory nerve
Cranial nerves that are tested together and are associated with the following functions:
-gag reflex
-regulation of blood pressure
-sense of taste for posterior one-third of tongue
-innervate pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
-parasympathetic innervation of chest and abdomen
Cranial nerve associated with hearing, balance, and postural control
Cranial nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear nerve
Visual field deficit characterized by decreased vision in one quadrant of the visual field
Quadrantanopia
Cranial nerve associated with facial expression and senses of taste for anterior two-thirds of tongue
Cranial nerve VII: facial nerve
Ability to maintain gaze on visual stimuli
Visual attention
The ability to capture a visual image and transfer it to short- and long-term memory for recognition and retrieval at a later time
Visual memory
Structured dialogue or conversation to collect information from the client, client’s caregivers or relevant others
Interview
Act of watching a client perform an action or occupation-based activity
Observation
Part of the OT process completed during evaluation and refined throughout intervention used to gain an understanding of typical level of performance and participation in occupations and client identified priorities
Occupational profile
Standardized or non-standardized tool used to collect specific information for the evaluation
Assessment
A comprehensive process to determine client-centered priorities and goals, components typically include:
• creating an occupational profile
• administering standardized and non-standardized assessments
• formulating conclusions regarding needs and priorities
• collaboration to develop a targeted plan
Evaluation
Type of assessment in which occupational performance is measured through observation and analysis of the client engaging in a functional task
Performance-based test
The ability to identify information and determine similarities and differences in the stimulus to form a meaningful pattern
Pattern recognition
A quick method used for acquiring general information about a client’s diagnosis or condition
Often used to determine rehabilitation potential or need for more in-depth assessment
Screening
Process of gathering relevant information to support a safe and effective therapeutic process
Examples include:
• medical chart
• radiology or lab reports
• prior therapy notes
• reports from interprofessional team members
Record review
Written document that contains data pertaining to the client’s situation
Client record
The ability to focus on a single detail in a busy background
Figure ground discrimination
Figure ground impairments may cause difficulty…
• locating personal items in a cluttered space
• finding information on a blackboard
• locating a person in a crowd
The ability to orient oneself to the surroundings using visuospatial skills
Topographic orientation
Topographic impairments may cause what type of impairments?
Difficulty with directions and navigation or learning routes
The ability to differentiate one side of the body from the other
Right/left discrimination
Impairments in right/left discrimination may cause
-decreased ability to follow directional instructions
-difficulty with spatial relations
The ability to process visual information by integrating it with other sensory information to perform meaningful activities
Visual cognition
An assessment method in which a client or a proxy answers a series of written questions to contribute information during the data-gathering process
Questionnaire
Cranial nerve associated abduction of the eye and accommodation for far vision
Cranial nerve VI: Abducens nerve
Cranial nerve that innervates muscles associated with chewing, biting, and rotary movements of the jaw
Sensory branch innervates skin, mucous membranes, and sinuses of the face
Cranial Nerve V: trigeminal nerve
Cranial nerve that innervates muscles of the eye for depression and abduction of the eye
Cranial nerve IV: Trochlear nerve
An endoscopic surgical procedure used to examine and treat joint injuries
Arthroscopy
A surgical procedure used to rebuild or replace a synovial joint
Arthroplasty
A surgical procedure used to fuse a joint
Arthrodesis
A surgical procedure used to remove pathological tissue, bone, or organ
Resection
surgical procedure used to change the length or position of a bone
Osteotomy
A surgical procedure used to remove the synovial membrane that lines a joint
Synovectomy
Major functions of this lobe of the cerebral cortex include:
• emotional control
• impulse control
• motor function
• short-term memory
• initiation
• executive function, including organization, planning, problem-solving
• social and sexual behavior
Frontal lobe
Following amputation, experience of perceiving sensory input from residual limb that is no longer present, may include constant or intermittent itching, pain, or burning
Phantom sensation
Terminology used to classify the level of a congenital deficiency or traumatic loss of an upper limb, includes:
• interscapular
• shoulder disarticulation
• transhumeral (long/short)
• elbow disarticulation
• transradial (long/short)
• wrist disarticulation
• transmetacarpal
Classification of upper extremity amputations
Lower extremity amputation, also referred to as above knee amputation (AKA), resulting from either surgical or traumatic removal of the lower extremity above the knee
Transfemoral amputation
Vertebral collapse typically associated with:
• decreased bone density
• trauma from vertical force
• spinal tumors
• infection
Compression fracture
Curvature of the spine
Musculoskeletal disorder characterized by a sideways curvature of the vertebral column (i.e., the spine)
Scoliosis
Excessive anterior curvature of the spine
(cervical and lumbar)
Lordosis
Excessive posterior curvature of the spine
(Thoracic and sacral)
Kyphosis
Following amputation, experience of feeling the part of the limb that is no longer present
Phantom limb
Phantom limb interventions
Mirror therapy
Early preparatory techniques for use of prosthetic
Education and support
Major functions of this lobe of the cerebral cortex include:
• long-term memory
• receptive language (left temporal lobe)
• processing of sensory information (auditory and visual)
Temporal lobe
Major functions of this lobe of the cerebral cortex include:
• integration of sensory information
• knowledge of numbers and their relations
• manipulation of objects
• visuospatial processing (right)
• praxis (left)
Parietal lobe
Major functions of this lobe of the cerebral cortex include:
• visual reception
• color recognition
Occipital lobe
Cranial nerve that innervates muscle for eyelid elevation (prevents ptosis), elevation, depression, and adduction of the eye, and constriction of the pupil
Cranial nerve III: Oculomotor nerve
Cranial nerve that relays visual information, including visual field and acuity
Cranial nerve II: Optic nerve
Cranial nerve that relays the sense of smell
Cranial nerve I: Olfactory nerve
Stage of memory where the brain searches for and recalls relevant information
Retrieval
Retrieval is associated with which brain structure
Frontal lobe
Stages of memory
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Stage of memory where encoded information is transferred to an area of the brain for later retrieval
Storage
Storage is associated with what brain structures?
• bilateral medial temporal lobes
• hippocampus
Stage of memory where the brain processes details of information to be remembered
Encoding
Brain structures associated with encoding
• language areas (e.g., Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area)
• frontal lobes
• visual system
Type of memory associated with remembering to perform an action or event planned for a future date (e.g., attend a medical appointment, take medication, pay a bill)
Prospective memory
Type of long-term memory associated with knowing how to perform learned skills and actions (e.g., how to ride a bicycle, tie shoes)
Procedural memory
Type of declarative long-term memory associated with retrieval of common knowledge, including vocabulary and general facts (e.g., colors, names of political leaders, capitals of countries)
Semantic memory
Type of declarative long-term memory associated with retrieval of personal information (e.g., food eaten for lunch, clothing worn to school, events at a party)
Episodic memory
Type of memory associated with storing information for an extended duration of time
Long-term memory
Three types of long term memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Type of memory associated with storing information for an extended duration of time
Short-term memory
Automatic retrieval of motor or cognitive information required to perform actions or tasks
Implicit memory
Purposeful retrieval of experiences and factual information about everyday life events
Explicit memory
Types of explicit memory
Episodic and semantic
Receptive and/or expressive language impairment secondary to a brain lesion
Aphasia
Sub categories of aphasia
• global
• anomic
• Broca’s
• Wernicke’s
• conduction
• transcortical
A person who provides information or answers to questions on behalf of a client during an interview or on a questionnaire
Proxy
Degenerative process in the spine and typically associated with osteoarthritis, symptoms may include:
• pain
• neurological changes
• motor impairment
Spondylosis
A type of interview that is conducted in a systematic manner with specific questions that are typically asked in a predetermined and consistent order
Structured interview
Evaluation tool administered under standard procedures and scored against specific guidelines
Standardized test
Observation and interview-based assessment used to identify need for home modifications
Features include:
• given to caregivers of clients who have dementia
• scored on safety hazards, functional adaptations, clutter, and comfort
Major functions of this lobe of the cerebral cortex include:
• integration of sensory information
• knowledge of numbers and their relations
• manipulation of objects
• visuospatial processing (right)
• praxis (left)
Parietal lobe
