Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Informatics Board > Domain 1: Fundamental Knowledge & Skills > Flashcards

Domain 1: Fundamental Knowledge & Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What terms are included in Logical observations, identifiers and numerical codes (LOINC)

A

Lab/radiology tests as well as physical exam findings and SDOH codes (e.g. adverse childhood events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an ontology?

A

Structured concepts and relationships between them.

Ontology is an extension of taxonomy where concepts can be related in multiple different ways in addition to simple parent-child relationships.

Example: Taxonomy may assert that tuberculosis is a kind of pneumonia. An ontology would add that TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis has symptom of cough, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are pre-coordinated vs. post-coordinated items

A

Pre-coordinated items in a vocabulary are those that are included explicitly.

Post-coordinated items are those that are created by the combination of pre-coordinated items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Majority of clinical research in the US is sponsored by

A

Industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does an assembler do?

A

Translate assembly language into machine code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a compiler do?

A

Translates higher level languages (e.g. FORTRAN) into machine code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of Agile programming

A

Scrum, Xtreme Programming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Reference Information Model (RIM)?

A

Basis of HL7 version 3. Requires transmission of metadata which externally defines the meaning of that information. This helps improve semantic interoperability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical integration

A

Horizontal integration involves connecting each component to the enterprise service bus

Vertical system involves grouping similar systems together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the typical steps in a Clinical Practice Guideline algorithm?

A
  • Action
  • Conditional (carry out an action based on defined criteria)
  • Branch (direct flow to one or more additional steps)
  • Synchronization (converge paths back from branches to a common outcome/end point)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Job Costing?

A

Calculating how much it costs organization to provide its goods and services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is margin analysis?

A

Calculating total profit made from various products and services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a pro forma sales budget?

A

Estimating the revenue from goods and services for the coming year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary clinical messaging standard in the US?

A

HL7 version 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 basic types of HL7 messages

A
  1. ADT (Admit, Discharge, Transfer)
  2. ORM (ORder Management)
  3. ORU (Observation Result)
  4. DFT (Detail Financial Transaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Limitations of HL7 V2

A

Embraced and extended by many developers. As a result, standard often differs between implementations and offers limited interoperability.

17
Q

What does ASC X 12N do?

A

Establishes standards for communication with insurers.

18
Q

What is BlueButton Initiative

A

Early attempt at government led interoperability standards, and helps veterans download their health records from VistA (VA hospital EHR)

19
Q

How to calculate accounting rate of return (ARR)

A

ARR (yearly ROI) = average profit / average investment

20
Q

How to calculate annual depreciation

A

(initial cost - scrap value) / usable life

21
Q

How to calculate future value (FV)

A

FV = PV x (1+r)^n

PV = present value
r = discount rate
n = number of years

22
Q

What is internal rate of return (IRR)

A

Discount rate at which point net present value (NPV) reaches 0.

NPV = sum of PV of all revenues and expenses (i.e. value of the entire investment in today’s dollars)

23
Q

What 3 interoperability standards did HL7 create?

A
  1. HL7 v2
  2. HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA)
  3. HL7 Fast Health Interoperability Standards (FHIR)
24
Q

What are 3 major financial account documents?

A
  1. Income statement: Summarizes revenue and expenses during a specific time period.
  2. Balance Sheet: Summarizes assets, liabilities and equity during a specified time period.
  3. Cash flow statement: Summarizes cash inflow and outflow during a specified time period.
25
Q

What is an operating activity?

A

Operating activity is a component of the Cash Flow Statement and deals with converting items on the income statement to cash.

26
Q

How is National Drug Codes (NDC) superior to RxNorm

A

NDC is a packing standard maintained by FDA and provides info on number of tablets in a portion. RxNorm is substance-oriented.

27
Q

Main problem with NDC

A

Middle 4 digits about product name, strength and dose vary from different manufacturers; therefore, same drug from a different manufacturer will have different middle 4 digits.

28
Q

What is source of operating vs. capital expenses?

A

Operating expenses - daily cash flow & budgeting process

Capital expenses - retained earnings, fundraising, government grants

29
Q

What does instantiation refer to in object oriented programming?

A

Creating new object and setting initial parameters for the attributes and methods

Ex) Class of “dog” may have attributes for “fur color,” “name,” “breed” and methods for “bark” and “roll-over”

30
Q

What does it mean for class to demonstrate encapsulation?

A

Keep their attributes and methods private

31
Q

What does inheritance mean in object oriented programming?

A

Objets can inherit their structure from parent objects and extend their functionality

Ex) 2 classes (manager & staff) can inherit same basic structure of parent class “emplyee”

32
Q

What does polymorphism refer to in object oriented programming?

A

Objects can override their parent attributes/methods

Ex) Class “animal” may have a “make noise” method. Subclasses of “animal” (e.g. dog, cat, mouse) will all have a “make noise” method but may implement it differently and can override the parent method.

33
Q

What does accessors refer to in object oriented programming?

A

AKA “getters” are methods used to retrieve variable state

34
Q

What does mutators refer to in object oriented programming?

A

AKA “setters” are methods used to change variable state

35
Q

What is a hash function?

A

Algorithm that maps data of arbitrary length to data of fixed length

Returned value known as hash value, hash code, hash sum or checksum

Used in data integrity, cryptography, indexing

36
Q

In what programming methodology is highest risk tackled early?

A

Spiral

37
Q

What are test case development approaches for software development?

A
  1. White Box - tests inner workings of a program. Ex) Code Coverage where programmer develops set of test conditions for all scenarios/variables/inputs
  2. Black Box - testing from end-user standpoint. Ex) Specification testing
38
Q

4 Different levels of software testing

A
  1. Unit test
    - White box
    - Code coverage
    - Developer driven, can be semi-automated
  2. Integration test
    - White box
    - Interfaces/APIs
    - Developer-driven
  3. System test
    - Black box
    - Test against documented requirements (verification)
  4. Acceptance test
    - Black box
    - Request for user-sign off (validation)
    - Ex) Beta testing

Clinical Informatics Board (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions