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Psych 2A > Doing Psychology > Flashcards

Doing Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

Science of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

What is science (traditional view)?

A

Based on observation of pure facts = free from bias
This method of induction is limited as observations force us to make inferences to form general laws

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3
Q

What is science (logical positivism - 20th century)?

A

Claims must be based on observable phenomena. This has issues as there are scientific concepts we cannot see (gravity) and there are unscientific things we can observe (astrology)

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4
Q

Science of falsifiability - Karl Popper

A

used to separate science form non-science - if it can be wrong but is verified it is science e.g. only need to observe one item that dismisses claims = if all swans are white, we only need to observe on black swan to be proved wrong

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5
Q

Thomas Kuhn

A

Rejected science of falsifiability as it resists anomalies and the line between science and non-science is too permissive. he says science solves puzzles consistent with paradigms that are incommensurable

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6
Q

what is the mind? - monism

A

either mind (idealism) or matter (materialism)

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7
Q

What is the mind? - dualism

A

both mind and matter
- cartesian dualism = mind and matter interact
- parallelism = no interaction but they are in sync
- epiphenomenalism = mind is epiphenomenon of the brain

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8
Q

what is the mind? - materialism

A

how do we reduce mind to matter

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9
Q

what is the mind? - identity theory

A

mind is identical to the brain
BUT multiple realizability how do different brains feel everything the same

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10
Q

Functionalism

A

mind and brain are defined in terms of their function

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11
Q

qualia (raw feels) problem

A

quality to experience is more than brain processing.

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12
Q

Descartes (1596 - 1650)

A

philosophy method = to doubt what is certain
argued the existence of God due to infinity and perfection
principles of:
- rationalism = reason over senses
- nativism = innate
- dualism = I is distinct from body
- mechanical model of man

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13
Q

Locke (1936 - 1707)

A

mechanical model
rejected nativism
empiricism = knowledge from existence / blank slate

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14
Q

Hume (1711 - 1776)

A

Laws of association
Causality is unobservable

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15
Q

Kant (1724 - 1804)

A

Causality is unobservable but innate
Idealism = mind structures experience the world
mental phenomena is not quantifiable so isn’t scientific

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16
Q

Physiology

A
  • evolutionary theory provides framework for how the mind evolves
  • Galton was interested in inherited traits (used intelligence as a case for eugenic)
  • reaction time experiments / reflex action / unconscious processes
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17
Q

Wundt

A

father of psychology
used introspection to represent human mind
Leipzig, 1879

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18
Q

Behaviourism - 1910s

A

Rejected all previous psychology as it studied the mind
reduces human behaviour to stimulus-response
studies observable behaviour

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19
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Contrasts behaviourism
holistic studies of experiences

20
Q

cognitivism

A

mind as a computer
‘crisis’ in social psychology as behaviours must be understood in context

21
Q

Advantages of a Questionnaire

A
  • large sample over large areas
  • standardised
  • quick, cheap and efficient
  • anonymity
  • examines phenomena through self-observation
22
Q

Disadvantages of a questionnaire

A
  • potential for misunderstanding/misinterpretation
  • social desirability bias
  • ‘yes’ saying
23
Q

Purpose of a Questionnaire

A
  • obtain background information on a participant
  • measurement of IV or DV
  • can allow for both quantitative and qualitative answers
24
Q

types of closed-ended questions

A
  • MCQs
  • rating scales
  • dichotomous questions
  • semantic differential
  • rank order
25
Q

types of open ended questions

A
  • numeric open ended - e.g. how many times …
  • text open ended
26
Q

Advantages of open ended

A

allow respondents to write a full answer
allows for unanticipated answers
(disadvantages = opposite of advantages of closed)

27
Q

Advantages of closed ended

A
  • simpler to code and uses statistics
  • less time to complete
28
Q

things to avoid in questionnaires

A
  • questions that require prior knowledge
  • leading questions
  • hypothetical questions
  • questions that lead Ps to socially desirable answers
29
Q

questionnaire design

A

internal checks = different Qs on same subject to check answers
split ballot = divide sample and give different versions of questionnaire
construct validity = e.g. questions that reflect dimensions of anxiety
Check = with other sources (parents/teachers etc)
Logical consistency = logical sequence of questions

30
Q

Questionnaire administration

A

self-administered = high response rate, less likely to be swayed by groups, could introduce bias if the researcher is present
group-administered = contamination between participants.

31
Q

Meta-analysis

A

provides a single estimate of the intervention effect or relationship between variables

32
Q

why conduct a meta-analysis?

A
  • bigger sample size than primary studies = more precise effect estimate
  • avoids over reliance on one study
  • more objective and transparent than a narrative review
33
Q

meta- analysis must include:

A
  • at least 2 studies
  • specific/linked research questions and search criteria
  • literature research
  • results from eligible studies
  • computing and combining effect sizes
  • heterogeneity of effect sizes / moderators and biases
34
Q

Cohen’s d

A

standardised mean difference
- comparing groups on a continuous outcome variable
- = mean difference as a proportion of standard deviation

35
Q

Pearson’s r

A

Correlation coefficient
- associations between two continuous variables

36
Q

effect size used for binary variables

A

Odds ratio, hazard ratio, relative risk

37
Q

Visualisation of effect sizes

A

forest plot - bigger box = larger study, smaller arms = more accuracy

38
Q

heterogeneity can be due to

A
  • different populations studied
  • different study designs
  • different treatment variations
  • different measures
  • differences in quality of the study
39
Q

publication bias

A

not all studies translate into publication and if specific studies are not being published this can lead to skewed results in favour of specific published phenomena

40
Q

limitations of meta-analysis

A
  • garbage in = garbage out
  • comparing apples and oranges
  • file drawer problem
  • might exclude studies that disprove point
  • focus on ‘bigger picture’ misses’ nuance
41
Q

Sports science - Savelsbergh et al. (2005)

A

investigated gaze behaviour of goal keepers during a recording of a goal kick
FOUND = experts have fewer but longer fixations than novice keepers and they looked longer at the non-kicking foot of the other player

BUT lab experiment so limitation

42
Q

Representative design - Brunswik (1956)

A

stated that we adapt to our natural environment so experimental stimuli must be representative of our natural environment and shouldn’t be abstract tasks.

43
Q

Cognitive ethology - Kingstone et al (2008)

A

studies behaviour under realistic conditions with animals, e.g. zoos with bigger cages have more realistic animal behaviour

44
Q

Dick et al (2010) replicated Savelsbergh et al. (2005)

A

same study except included a real-world condition - they observed similar behaviour to the original study

45
Q

Statistical social scenes - Land and Tatler (2009)

A

used heat maps of where people looked to show that people fixate their eyes or follow the gaze of others
BUT gaze behaviour can be influenced by language and social context and there are few social situations where these are absent
mutual gaze = Birmingham et al. (2009)

46
Q

Gaze cues in the real world - McDonald & Tatler(2018)

A

tracked gaze of a pair during collaborative task (making batter for a Victoria Sponge). They found that people rarely look at each other during an interaction.
too much gaze is uncomfortable

Psych 2A (5 decks)

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