dogs Flashcards
1
Q
campylobacteria zoonoses
A
- It’s manifested with watery diarrhoea, +/- vomiting > chronic disease
2
Q
aetiology of campy
A
- Campylobacter jejuni, Gram negative, curve bacilli
3
Q
SOI of campy
A
sick animals which excrete bacteria in faeces 4 months PI, poultry meat, milk
4
Q
MOT of campy
A
direct and indirect contact (food, water, faecal/oral, ubiquitous in environment)
5
Q
HS of campy
A
puppies + kittens up to 6m (rarely older), predisposing = stress (overcrowding kennels) parasites
6
Q
pathogenesis of campy
A
- Ingestion multiplication in intestines produces mucinase enables penetration of mucosa adhere to and invade enterocytes produce enterotoxin secretory diarrhoea
7
Q
signs of campy
A
- Anorexia, depression, diarrhoea 9lasting 5-15d), vomiting is rare
- Fever, leucocytosis (when faced with bacteria, leukocytes always rise)
- Recovery in 1-2 weeks, occasionally chronic for several weeks
8
Q
diagnosis of campy
A
- Based on signs
- Confirm = stain faeces with gram staining + see bacteria culture faeces/intestinal scrape on special media 42oC microaerophilic, PCR
9
Q
treatment of campy
A
- Supportive care
- Erythromycin 20mg/kg bid P/O for 5-7d, 10-14d for chronic
10
Q
public health of campu
A
- Dogs could excrete C. jejuni through faeces up to 4 months PI, manifests as self-limiting watery diarrhoea with fever and abdominal cramping
11
Q
aetiology of clostridia
A
- C. perfringens: 4 main toxins: alpha, beta, gamma, e
- C. difficile: toxin A and toxin B
- C. perfringens in 67%
- C difficile in 21% of dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea
- In cats it’s less frequent, only 5-7%
12
Q
pathogensis of clostridia
A
- Enterotoxins – virulence factors, induce fluid accumulation and consequently diarrhoea occur
13
Q
signs of clostridia
A
- Enteritis/enterocolitis, Haemorrhagic diarrhoea, Intestinal tenesmus – is very important
14
Q
diagnosis of clostridia
A
- ELISA test for toxin in faeces, faecal culture (in healthy too), PCR
15
Q
treatment of clostridia
A
- Metronidazole 8-10mg/kg/ tid P/O due to protozoal interaction
- Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
- Mild form not complicated can only give amoxicillin and clavulanic acid around 10 days – it’s enough
- Chronic form – add metronidazole is not nice as it destroys the stomach so have problem with stomach acid so need to add antiacid
16
Q
yersinia
A
- Gastroenteritis and enterocolitis in puppies
- In faeces of healthy dogs and cats
- Very common in high intensive swine production
17
Q
aetiology of yersinia
A
- Yersinia enterocolitica in dogs
- Yersinia paratuberculosis in cats, gram +, coccobacilli
18
Q
SOI of yersinia
A
- Sick animals, Asymptomatic carriers, raw/undercooked pork meat + slaughter waste
19
Q
signs of yersinia
A
- dogs: tenesmus, frequent defecation with traces of mucus and blood in softened faeces
- Y. pseudotuberculosis in cats: diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and icterus
20
Q
treatment of yersinia
A
- Trimethoprim sulphonamide 12-15mg/kg P/O or IV bid
- Tetracycline 20mg/kg P/O tid
21
Q
zoonoses yersinia
A
- Systemic illness
22
Q
aetiology of salmonella
A
- salmonella enterica spp. (s. typhimurium, S. enteritidis)
- Gram negative, bacillus, facultative intracellular. Can survive months in wet, warm areas (poultry/pig barn), </w in composted manure
23
Q
SOI of salmonella
A
faeces of sick animal, faeces of carriers (small rodents, birds)
24
Q
MOT of salmonella
A
direct and indirect contact (faecal contamination of food, water and fomites)
25
POE of salmonella
faecal oral, in utero infection (always a risk of abortion), inhalation, through conjunctiva
26
HS of salmonelal
<1 yr old. Stress increases incidence. Dogs and cats
27
pathogenesis of salmonella
- Ingestion invasion + multiplication in enterocytes + tonsillar lymphoid tissue attachment by fimbriae + intracellular injection fluid secretion strong inflam response usually enough to restrict to GI sepsis can occur brain, uterus, joints + tips of ears + tails
- Shed in faeces 3-6 w PI
- If treatment is too late, may not be enough to cut off the sepsis – kill bacteria but not toxins, rest in the circulation which block all metabolic pathways
28
signs of salmonella
- Dogs + cats often asymptomatic carriers, Acute diarrhoea with septicaemia (brutal diarrhoea)
- Fever, anorexia, maybe pneumonia or neuro signs
- Leukopenia = terminal phase of sepsis
- Sometimes the toxin can penetrate the CNS:
o excitations, incoordination, blindness and convulsions (may look like rabies, but it’s terminal phase of sepsis)
- animals with acute GI usually recover within 3-4 weeks
29
diagnosis of salmonella
- repeated culture from faeces to determine carrier state (low sensitivity due to intermittent shedding of low number of bacteria)
- check feed and water etc
- PCR (also finds non-viable bacteria), serology (agglutination in serum/milk for surveillance and control)
- isolation of bacteria from faeces and blood – haemoculture (if have sepsis)
30
treatment of salmonelal
- probiotics, metabolic stimulators, fluids, NSAIDs
- Bacteriemia – enrofloxacin, cephalosporins (3rd generation IV) (ATB controversial: can achieve clinical cure but maybe not bacteriologic increase number of carrier animals + resistant bacteria)
31
public heath of salmonella
- High zoonotic significance – faeces of clinically healthy dogs + cats + contaminated pet food
32
intestinal spirochaetosis
- Spirochetes colonise colon of human and animals (colitis)
33
aetiology of intestinal spirochaetosis
- Genus Brachyspira 7 genomic species
- Commensal + pathogenic species. In 6-66% of dogs
- B. pilosicoli – causes disbalance of microflora in colon diarrhoea
- Invades lamina propria of colon chronic inflammation + blocks passive resorption of water
34
diagnosis of intestinal spirochaetosi
- faecal samples (gram stains) intestinal scratches to the TSA agar + PCR
35
treatment of intestinal spirochaetosis
- Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, In vitro: metronidazole and cephtriaxone
36
public health intestinal spirochaetosis
- Infected dogs can be SOI for humans
37
aetiology of canine distemper
- Canine distemper virus (CDV), Genus: morbillivirus, Family: paramyxoviridae
- Similar to measles + rinderpest
- Fragile, envelope single strand RNA
- Lasts 1d outside host
- Routine disinfection procedures mostly effective (phenols, ethers + 4 ammonium compounds)
38
MOT of distemper
aerosol droplets (direct contact) also urine
39
HS of distemper
Dogs, ferrets etc
40
risk of distemper
3-6m old and unvaccinated
41
pathogenesis of distemper
- Replication in lymphatic tissue of resp tract (tonsil, LN, thymus) cell-associated viraemia (in mononuclear cells in blood) adequate immunity = inapparent illness
- inadequate w no antibody response = severe multisystemic illness death or recover with CNS signs
- Inadequate low antibody response = milder illness lungs and skin affected
- Recovery but can shed for 60d
42
signs of distemper
- Incubation period: 3-6 days
- Diphasic fever, anorexia, lethargy, ocular nasal discharge, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, hyperkeratosis of nose + foot pads, pustular dermatitis
- Neonatal = enamel hypoplasia
- neuro = twitching, salivation, seizures, circling paresis, paralysis (w-m later appear)course can be as short as 10d
43
old dog encephalitis
- chronic, rare progressive disease in unvaccinated adults. Not infectious ataxia, head pressing, hypermetria
44
inclusion body polio encephalitis
- Variant form of CDV encephalitis. It can occur after vaccination or in dogs with sudden onset of only neurological manifestation of distemper
45
diagnosis of distemer
- RT-PCR of conjunctiva/nasal/vaginal epithelium, urine, buffing coat
- Qualitative RT-PCR to distinguish vaccine from natural infection. Compare ELISA of blood and CSF + IF
46
PM of distemper
- Thymic atrophy in young. Hyperkeratosis. Broncho-pneumonia, enteritis, skin pustules
- Micro: necrosis of lymphoid tissue. Inclusion bodies in resp, urinary + GI epithelium. Gliosis, neuronal degeneration, perivascular cuffing
47
treatment of distemper
- Supportive- ATB, electrolytes, food, antipyretics, analgesics, anticonvulsants
48
prevention of distemper
- MLV at 6w + 3-4w intervals until 16w (immunity normally >3y)
- Don’t give MLV to late gestation/early lactation bitches
- Recombinant canarypox vector vaccine for ferrets
49
prognosis of distemper
- acute neuro = poor + CNS signs can persist after resp + GI gone (steroids may help)
50
aetiology of infectious canine hepatisi
- canine adenovirus 1 (CAV 1), nonenveloped double-stranded DNA virus
- antigenically related to CAV-2 (tracheobronchitis)
- very resistant to disinfection + environment (w-m) – steam cleaning/bleach kills it
- inactivated after 5 minutes at 50-60oC
51
HS of ICH
dogs <1y, foxes, wolves, bear, lynx, recovered dogs shed virus in urine for >6 m
52
MOT of ICH
direct contact, oronasal
53
SOI of ICH
saliva, faeces, urine, fomites, ectoparasites
54
pathogenesis of ICH
- Tonsils + LN viraemia + dissemination
- Primary target = vascular endothelial cells vasculitis
- Immune complex rection uveitis + corneal oedema (blue eye) + nephritis
- Liver = centrilobular necrosis hepatitis
starts in tonsils and cervical lymph nodes to blood, via thoracic duct inside blood dissemination virus is extremely fast into liver and all endothelium (including, eye, kidney, and CNS)
55
signs of ICH
- incubation period is 4-9 days, mortality rate 10-30%
- clinically inapparent infections are common
- Peracute death
- fever (transient or biphasic), apathy, polydipsia, anorexia, corneal clouding, abdo pain, vomiting, increased HR, petechia of oral mucosa
- hepatic encephalopathy, intracranial vasculitis, increased AST + ALT, proteinuria. Clotting time correlated with severity of injury (longer = worse)
56
PM of ICH
- “paint-brush” haemorrhages on the gastric serosa, LN, thymus, pancreas, + subcut tissues, hepatomegaly with colour change (thickened, oedematous gallbladder)
- Micro: centrilobular necrosis, hepatocellular intranuclear inclusions – Cowdry type A.
57
diagnosis of ICH
- Signs + history (coagulopathy, eyes + liver problems)
- Serology: VN test, IHA, CF, ELISA (VI or PCR Of liver at PM)
- PCR – nasal, rectal an ocular swabs, blood, tissue obtained at necropsy, urine
- Immunofluorescent technique – confirmation of virus within various tissues
58
differential of ICH
distemper
59
treatment of ICH
- Supportive (fluids, electrolytes, nutrition) plasma for clotting
- Maybe ATB maybe atrophic for eye
60
prevention of ICH
- MLV vaccine of CAV-2 preferred over live attenuated CAV-1 (can cause eye reaction + shedding in urine). Immunity = >3y (annual revac)
61
canine herpes virus aetiology
- Canine herpes virus (CHV-1), enveloped DNA, very fragile, inactivated readily by most disinfectants, solvents and heat >40oC + latent infectious lifelong
62
HS herpes
canids (dogs, wolves, coyotes), neonatal puppies first 3w of life (colder), immunologically naïve pregnant at risk + can pass to puppies (in utero)
63
MOT of herpes
direct contact (with oral, nasal or vaginal secretions of infected dog),
64
herpes
- seroreactivity of 30 -100% (higher in kennels than in individually kept dogs)
- optimal replication at temperatures < 37ºC so pups more at risk as can\t maintain body temp
- persistence in ganglionic and lymphoid tissues of the oronasal and genital mucosae
- stress (overcrowding, transport, pregnancy, immunosuppressive therapy) - activation shedding
65
pathogensis of herpes
- replication in surface cells of nasal mucosa, pharynx + tonsils
- in utero/ <1 w = leukocyte associated viraemia lymphoid hyperplasia gen infection + vasculitis
- adult = localised infection + persistence latency (reactivated by stress)
66
signs of herpes
- death in <24h in 1-3w old pups. If signs, then crying, lethargy, decreased sucking, diarrhoea, nasal discharge
- X-ray = unstructured interstitial pattern. Leucocytosis
- older = mild upper resp signs, vaginitis, posthitis
- acute infected pregnant = abortion/stillbirth with no other signs + future breeding good
67
diagnosis of herpes
- signs, PCR, antibody ELISA, necropsy of a puppy in litter
- seronegative in latency possible
- PCR, VI from lung, liver, kidney
68
differentials of herpes
- ICH (no thickened gall bladder), distemper (is sudden death), neosporosis/hepatitis (kidney lesion)
69
PM of herpes
- Disseminated focal necrosis + haemorrhages, esp lung, kidney cortex, adrenals, liver + GI tract
- Enlarged LN + spleen
70
treatment of herpes
- Supportive – fluids, antiemetic, oxygen, warming, food
- Usually, unrewarding + surviving puppies often too much damage to survive, intraperitoneal serum in exposed adults usually self-limiting
71
prevention of herpes
- Application of hyperimmune serum
- inactivated CHV-1 for pregnant 10 days post-coitus and near-term booster
- isolate 3w before birth + good hygiene
72
aetiology of kennel cough
- canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), CAV-2, canine influenza virus (CIV), (CHV-1), (CDV)
- pseudomonas, E.coli, Strep, B. bronchiseptica (bacteria normally secondary)
- B. bronchiseptica can be primary in < 6m old
73
HS of kennel cough
All ages, puppies more prone to severe, spreads v quickly in kennels, shelters, etc
74
MOT of kennel cough
aerosol
75
pathogenesis of kennel cough
- Virus damages upper resp tract epithelium 2ndary bacterial infection
- Immune response initiated + spread to lower resp tract prevented
- Adverse condition = spread to lower resp tract pneumonia + chronic
76
signs of kennel cough
goose-honk” cough. Retching/gagging, easily induced cough
- Fever, purulent nasal discharge, anorexia etc = bronchopneumonia
77
diagnosis of kennel cough
- Cough 5-10d after exposure. Severity usually decreases during 1st 5d but disease lasts for 10-20d
- Aetiologic diagnosis if severe/rapidly progressing, signs lasting 7-10d+ or multiple animals affected
- Bacterial culture: false – if atb or low burden (nasal, oropharyngeal, BAL)
- Many sp = opportunistic 2ndary infection/contamination
- PCR: resp panels for mycoplasma cynos + viruses
o False – if transient/low shedding, false + if recently vaccinated with live attenuated
- Serology = can’t distinguish vaccine from infection
78
treatment of kennel cough
- Supportive usually self-limiting, antitussives (hydrocodone)
- If hospitalised: keep in isolation
- If pneumonia, then ATB (culture + sensitivity from tracheal wash/bronchoscopy). Antitussives contraindicated if pneumonia as decrease bacterial clearance
79
prevention of kennel cough
- MLV vaccine with distemper, parainfluenza + CAV-2 at 6-8w + q3-4w until 16w, revac q1y
- Intranasal/ PO vaccine for B. bronchiseptica if risk high
- Vaccines decrease clinical signs + amount of shedding, doesn’t provide total immunity
80
aetiology of parvo
- ¬CPV2, non-enveloped, single strand DNA, resistant to disinfectants, temp + pH (room oC 2m)
- Outside 6m – y. highly contagious (likes young cells or cells that multiply quickly)
- 2 syndromes: Haemorrhagic enteritis and Acute myocarditis
81
MOT of parvo
direct oral/nasal contact with faeces or contaminated environment
82
HS of parvo
all ages but 2-6m old unvaccinated most susceptible. If >6m – intact males
83
parvo
- Breeds = Dobermans, rottweilers etc more likely to be vaccine non-responders
- More severe if: stress (weaning etc), parasites or other enteric pathogen infection too
- Colostral antibodies protect for 2m ish + problem occurs if improper/irregular vaccine/ exposed to other dogs during vaccines
84
pathogensis of parvo
- Tonsils virus reproduces in lymphocytes within 3-4 days lysis of cells viremia
- (multiplies until overcomes the border and goes to the blood and causes viremia)
- Bone marrow (stem cells) and GIT
- Virulence factors (enzyme DNase) virus enters into young cells DNase can degredate cell proteins apoptosis
- Impaired absorption, gut microbiome lost bacterial translocation sepsis, shock, dehydration death
85
signs of parvo
- Myocarditis, sudden death in >8 w old puppies, born to unvaccinated bitch/infected in utero
- Signs appear 5-7d after exposure, lethargy, anorexia, fever, vomiting, haemorrhagic diarrhoea abdo pain, tachycardia, decreased CRT (septic shock), CNS signs due to hypoglycaemia + sepsis, lympho+ neutropenia
- > 6 weeks GIS (general infected syndrome), fever, lethargy, anorexia
86
death mechanism in parvo
1. Diarrhoea and vomiting extreme dehydration shock
a. no absorption GI, acidosis + shock due to loss of electrolytes, high proteinemia in blood
2. Lost of protective barrier in the gut bacterial penetration septic shock
a. Lamina propria “naked” has a hole for bacteria to go through to go into the blood.
3. Myocarditis acute heart failure
a. Virus thinks heart cells are fast multiplying myocardial cells have a lot of nucleus
87
diagnosis of parvo
- History and signs
- ELISA (rapid test’s – Ag prove in stool)
o false positive 4-10d post MLV, false negative before shedding if large vol of diarrhoea
- PCR faeces, Mod-severe leukopenia. 4x increase serology (rare)
88
PM of parvo
- Thickened discoloured intestinal wall, thymic atrophy
- Micro = necrosis of SI crypts, bone marrow hypoplasia
89
differential parvo
- Distemper, CIH, corona, Salmonellosis, Campyobacteriosis, Poisoning
90
treatment of parvo
- Fluid therapy – 70ml/kg/day and more, electrolyte balance, Fresh frozen plasma
- Atb – amoxicillin 10-20mg/kg, Metoclopramide/maropitant. No food for 12-24h then bland, low-fat + Parenteral if >3d anorexia. Faecal transplantation rectally
91
prognosis of parvo
- 7-90% survive if ICU and early treatment
92
aetiology of corona
- Canine coronavirus, RNA
93
MOT corona
PO, direct + indirect contact (faeces)
94
HS of corona
all ages, puppies most susceptible
95
SOI corona
= sick animals that shed virus through faeces in the environment (up to 2 weeks. P.i)
96
pathogenesis corona
- attacks mature cells in the gut wall replaced immature cells that are not affected
97
signs of corona
- Anorexia, depression, diarrhoea (vomiting is rare), Mucosal diarrhoea, with putrid odour lasts 2-4 days + Asymptomatic infection in older dogs
- Usually, dogs recover 1-2 weeks following onset of clinical signs
- Secondary bacterial infection is possible
98
diagnosis of corona
- Milder than parvo, ELISA for antigen in faeces, IFA, PCR
99
treatment of corona
- Symptomatic – fluid therapy, metabolic stimulators
100
prevention of corona
- Attenuated vaccine 2x in 3-4w interval, first in age of 7-8 weeks
- Not good to administer the 2 vaccines at the same time because of the competition of the virus
101
aetiology of rotaviral
- Causative agent rotavirus, 7 serogroups A-G, most common = A
102
MOT of rotavirus
Orofecal infection (faeces up to the 3 weeks PI)
103
HS of rotavirus
severe in puppies, mild/asymptomatic in older. Possible zoonosis
104
diagnosis of rotavirus
- ELISA – Ag detection in a stool, Electronic microscopy of faecal content + PCR
105
treatment of rotavirus
- Symptomatic – pups possible severe haemorrhagic mucosal diarrhoea
106
prevention of rotavirus
- There’s no effective vaccine
