cats Flashcards
aetiology of feline panleukopenia
- Feline panleukopenia virus, non-enveloped single stranded DNA
- Very stable, survives 1y at room temp on solid fomites. Only inactivated by bleach + 90oC for 10 mins. Similar to CPV
SOI of feline pan
infected animals/ contaminated fomites
MOT of panleuko
oronasal (in secretions + faeces). In utero
host suscetibility of pan
non-vaccinated, kittens most severe. Free roaming susceptible cats exposed within 1st y only shed for 1-2 d but up to 6w post recovery
pathogenesis of pan
- PO replicates in oropharynx rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow, lymphoid tissue + GI epithelium + cerebellum + retina in v. young
- Lymphoid tissue cellular depletion panleukopenia
- GI damages immature cells malabsorptive diarrhoea
- Destroys germinal epithelium of cerebellum in perinatal period cerebella hypoplasia, tremors (feline ataxia syndrome)
- Queens early fetal death, mummified foetuses
- Cerebellum damaged as it is in still developing in late gestation + neonatal period in cats
signs of pan
- Subclinical (75% healthy have antibody titres) ‘fading kitten syndrome’, 3-5 m old, death in <12h
- Acute = fever, depression, anorexia, biley vomit, maybe diarrhoea, extreme dehydration
- Terminal = hypothermic, septic shock, DIC
- Abdo palpation = thickened intestinal loops + enlarged mesenteric LN
diagnosis of pan
- Signs in unvaccinated cat with leukopenia
- ELISA for CPV faeces but false negative common
treatment of pan
- Isolation, fluids, FFP, atb (ampicillin/cephalosporin), maropitant, food ASAP. Feline interferon (food for CPV, unknown for FPV)
differentials of pan
- Salmonellosis, FeLV, FIV, concurrent infections = worse
prevention of pan
- MLV vaccine at 6-9w + 16w then 26-52w then q3y
- MLV not to pregnant, immunosuppressed or <4w old kittens (adjuvant inactivated vaccine available)
- Vaccinate FeLV+, FIV+ only if high risk and with killed
prognosis of pan
- Worse than CPV
Feline Upper Infectious Respiratory Tract Disease (URTD) =
FHV + FCV, chlamydia, bordetella
feline herpes
feline viral rhinotracheitis
aetiology of herpes
- FHV type 1. Enveloped DNA
- fragile outside host, survives 18h in damp environment, unstable in aerosol
SOI of herpes
infected/ sick + subclinical carriers
MOT of herpes
direct contact with carrier cat (shed intermittently), sneeze can travel 1-2m environemt + aerosol not normally SOI. Shed in ocular + oronasal secretion
HS of herpes
all Felidae animals. Recovered cats become lifelong carriers (in trigeminal ganglia) reactivated by stress – shed 1w after stress for 1-2w
micro herpes
- Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in tongue, tonsils, trachea + nictitating membrane
signs of herpes
2-6d incubation + signs lasts 10-20days
- Depression, anorexia, fever, sneezing, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, oral ulceration
- Ulcerative keratitis, epiphora, blepharospasm
- Often 2ndary bacterial infection
- Osteolytic changes to nasal turbinates predisposes to bacterial infection
- Abortion
diagnosis of herpes
- Signs FHV = conjunctiva + nasal passages most of effected
- PCR of ocular/nasal secretions. Can be difficult because virus sheds intermittently + seroprevalence similar to Ill + clinically normal cats
treatment of herpes
- ¬symptomatic + supportive
- Atb if symptoms of 2ndary bacterial infection
- Remove/wipe discharges, nebulisation of saline
- palatable feed if anorexic
- topical antiviral if herpetic keratitis. Lysine
prevention of herpes
- core vaccine >9w old = 2x with 3w interval
- adults = q1-3y
- usually MLV, FHV + FCV with inactivated MLV FPV vaccine all together
- asymptomatic carriers + recovered still need to be vaccinated
aetiology of chlamydia
- Cp. Felis, C. psittaci
signs of chlamydia
- ¬conjunctivitis, maybe sneezing, fever, acute-chronic, epithelial hyperplasia
diagnosis of chlamydia
- PCR on conjunctival swab (dry), early in course can find organism in Giemsa stained smear
treatment of chlamydia
- Atb- doxy for 4 weeks to ensure elimination of organism
- Systemic atb better than topical local
- Young = 4w therapy + clavulanic acid/amocillin
aetiology of calicivirus
- feline calicivirus, small enveloped RNA virus
- many strains with variable pathogenicity (all 1 serotype), more resistant than FHV1, survives for d-1 on dry surfaces at room temp
SOI of calicivirus
sick/carrier animal. Maybe contaminated environment. Shed continually
MOR of calicivurs
contact with sick cats
POE of calivirus
nasal, oral or conjunctival mm
HS of calivirus
carriers widespread 10% household pets + 25-75% of shelter cats
pathogenesis of calicivurs
- Predilection for epithelium of oral epithelium + deep tissues of lungs
signs of calivirus
- Salivation, ulceration of oral cavity (heal over 2-3w) maybe sneezing, conjunctivitis
- Some strains = pulmonary oedema + interstitial pneumonia
- 2 strains cause ‘limping syndrome’ with no ulcers or pneumonia – fever, alternating limp, pain on palpation, usually 8-12w + resolves on its own. Can occur in vaccinated
diagnosis of calicivirus
- Clinically hard to differentiate from FHV-1 (more likely oval ulcerations in FCV)
- RT-PCR of conjunctival/ oral swabs, blood interpret + result clinically as could be due to carrier state or vaccine
treatment of calivirus
- Supportive + symptomatic, food-warm + palatable
prevention of calicivurs
- ¬core vaccine (MLV), combined with FHV-1 + feline panleukopenia
- Recommended to vaccinate recovered as not protected for life (esp because of different strains)
aetiology of bordetella
- ¬Bordetella bronchiseptica, G- aerobic coccobacillus
MOT of bordetella
aerosol (oronasal cavity)
HS of bordetella
dogs, cats, swine, rodents.
risk of bordetella
stress + pre-existing viral infection
pathogenesis of bordetella
- Unclear. Usually primary viral infecetion
- Virulence factors to adhere to cilia of resp epithelium cilicostasis decrease mucus ciliary clearance + persistence of bacteria
- Toxins damage mucosa of trachea + bronchi bronchitis
- Sometimes lower resp tract affected bronchopneumonia
signs of bordetella
- Sneezing, coughing, oculonasal discharge
- Dyspnoea, cyanosis, death, cough less marked in cats, pneumonia in kittens <10w
diagnosis of bordetella
- Any coughin in cat should be suspicious of B. bronchiseptica
- Bacterial culture or PCR (maybe commensal)
- ID from BAL in cats = diagnostic
- Isolation for atb susceptibility
- Cytology of tracheal wash = polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages + bacteria
treatment of bordetella
- ¬atb – tetracyclines if severe – supportive care, fluids, Oxygen etc
prevention of bordetella
- ¬non-core MLV vaccine 1x q/y. recommended for cats living in high density +/or high risk population with history of b.bronchiseptica
- Cats receiving vaccine will shed bacteria – warn owners
- Potentially zoonotic in immunocompromised
incubation of FIA
2-30d
aetiology of FIA
- ¬Mycoplasma haemofilis, candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum (in older cats) + Ca mycoplasma turicenesis bacteria that parasite RBC
MOT of FIA
not completely understood. Blood transfers, fleas + ticks, vertical to kittens, fighting (in saliva + claw beds of infected cats)
HS of FIA
male, outdoor intact cats most likely, association with retrovirus infections
signs of FIA
- Lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, intermittent fever, pallor, splenomegaly
- Severe = increased HR + RR, bounding pulse
- Haemolytic anaemia in ‘healthy’ cats – severe
- Chronic asymptomatic carriers possible
- Coombs test positive
diagnosis of FIA
- PCR of whole blood or spleen aspirates
- Microscopy of blood smear – small, round, basophilic rods/rings on RBCs but parasitaemia can be cyclic and disappear from circulation in 2 hr
- Cannot be grown in vitro culture
treatment of FIA
- Doxy 10mg/kg SID PO for 3 w
- No need for glucocorticoids as antibodies appear due to haemolysis rather than medicating it
- Maybe blood transfusion
- Once controlled, protective immunity develops (not sure for how long or against other species)
prevention of FIA
- PCR screen donors, sterilised equipment, control fleas + ticks. Keep cats indoors
zoonotic of FIA
- Potentially in immunocompromised people exposed to lots of cats
aetiology of FeLV
- FeLV – retrovirus (enveloped, single-stranded RNA) lipid layer
- Easily destroyed by soap, can survive outside of host if moist + at room temp
- A-T subtypes. A = original + most infected with it, B= neoplastic, C= erythroid hypoplasia, T = tropism for T lymphocytes (immunodeficiency)
- Exogenous is the causative agent for FeLV
o Endogenous gamma-retroviruses (enFeLV, RD-114, ERV, DCs) (all cats have it, but it’s not the infective form)
SOI of FeLV
FeLV viraemic cats (in saliva, faeces, milk nasal secretions)
MOT of FeLV
oronasal contact, bite wounds (mutual grooming, shared equipment). In utero
HS of FeLV
young = higher risk of progressive (more severe FeLV)
types of FeLV
- Abortive infection
- Replication in oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue stopped by immune response
- No viraemia – best outcome - Regressive infection
- FeLV carried in monocytes + lymphocytes systemically but viraemia stopped just before (after bone marrow infection)
- Transient symptoms (some affected precursor cells). Normal lifespan. Viral DNA dormant - Progressive infection
- Viraemia not stopped so extensive replication in lymphoid tissue + bone marrow etc
- Persistent viraemia + disease development - Atypical infection
- Rare in natural conditions – persistent replication in 1 place eg mammary gland, eyes, bladder
signs of FeLV
- Non-regenerative normochromic anaemia, lymphoma, leukaemia, fading kitten syndrome, feline panleukopenia like syndrome, neuro problems (due to tumours compression) immune suppression: increased infection risk, immune mediated diseases, chronic gingivostomatitis
diagnosis of FeLV
- POC ELISA then confirm with lab test
- PCR (but can’t know if pro or regressive
- RT-PCR to know stage of disease
- Cats with antigen + can clear viraemia. Retest healthy after 6+w. antigen detected 30d PI
treatment of FeLV
- No cure – supportive therapy, good nutrition, antivirals?
prognosis of FeLV
- With disease usually survive 3 years, age at infection = important (older = more resistant)
manage of FeLV
- Keep indoors, good hygiene. Routine vaccines + antiparasitic. Neuter animals, separate from others, semi annual check-ups. No raw food (parasites), vaccinate asymptomatic with inactivated vaccines (no benefit of FeLV one)
prevention of FeLV
- Lots of different vaccines – preferably recombinant at 8-9w old then 3-4w 1 after then q 2-3y
- Vaccinate based on risk (chance of sarcoma from vaccines)
FeLV test interpretation
- PCR = detects proviral DNA (Could be dormant, regressive stage)
- RT-PCR = detects viral RNA (means virus is there so progressive stage)
LOOK AT TABLE
aetiology of FIV
- FIV – lentivirus from the retroviridae family
- 5 subtypes or clades (designated A to E) (A+B most common)
- Only survives mins outside host + susceptible to all disinfectants and soap
MOT of FIV
biting (in saliva) + blood
HS of FIV
older, free roaming, intact male cats (increased fighting tendencies)
transmission FIV
to kittens depend on viral load in queen during pregnancy + birth if queen asymptomatic: kittens okay queen has clinical signs: 70% infected
pathogenesis of FIV
- viremia peak at 8-12 weeks PI then decreases in viral load asymptomatic phase that can last years/lifelong virus targets lymphocytes gradual loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes widespread immunodeficiency
signs of FIV
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)– related complex (ARC)
- transient fever, lymphadenopathy + neutropenia lasting d-w. then asymptomatic for years
- acquired immunodeficiency leads to chronic secondary/opportunistic infections of resp, GI (mouth), urinary tract + skin
- immune mediated disease – chronic gingivostomatitis, rhinitis, weight loss etc
- increase incidence of FeLV neg lymphoma of B type
diagnosis of FIV
- western blot = gold standard
- POC ELISA or immunochromatography but in low prevalence population, positive POC should be confirmed by western blot
- PCR but serology better
treatment of FIV
- Supportive according to clinical signs
- Antivirals, AZT, subcut feline interferon, PO human interferon
management of FIV
- Testing, decrease aggression/stress, keep indoors/decrease outdoor access, periodic check up
- vaccination – questionable result - not registered in Europe
aetiology of FIP
- feline coronavirus, large enveloped single strand RNA. High rats of mutation – injected cats shed ‘mutant cloud’. Serotype 1= cats, serotype 2= recombinant with CCoV.
- FCoV mutates to FIPV in cats
MOT of FIP
feco-oral or fomites. Queens to kittens (FCoV), Shed in faeces for w/m life, stress increase shed
HS of FIP
domestic + wild cats (cheetahs, bobcats)
Risks of FIP
= <2y or 10y+, multicat households, male, purebred (Bengal ,ragdoll, rex), stress
pathogenesis of FIP
- FeCoV infection – resistant, transient, persistent or FIP mutation
- Primary replication in mature SI epithelial cells persistent in cells shedding
- FeCoV mutates to FPV – tropism changes from enterocytes to monocyte/macrophage
- Monocytes attach to endothelium extravasation differentiate to macrophages plasma leak
- Acute = lots of vessels damaged (wet) effusion
- Chronic = less vessels damage but pyogranulomatous inflam (Dry)
signs of FIP
- FeCoV = mild self-limiting, vomiting/diarrhoea. Subclinical
- FIP = insidious onset + progressive, wet or dry form
- Wet = most common, vasculopathy – ascites, pleural effusion, increased HR + RR, muffled heart, blue mm, icterus, Lymphadenomegaly, lameness
- Dry = granuloma formation, anterior uveitis, neuro signs, vomiting, diarrhoea, palpable abdo masses, granulomatous pneumonia, necrotising dermal phlebitis or vasculitis
PM of FIP
- Perivascular pyogranulomatous lesions on serosal surfaces
diagnosis of FIP
- ¬AM = difficult, PM = definitive – histo path to detect intracellular FeCoV antigen with immunohistochem test effusion. Rivalta test, US, X-ray, RT-PCR but false + can occur
- Very difficult to diagnose FIP especially dry form
differentials of FIP
- septic peritonitis, retroviruses, lymphoma, pyothorax, CHF
treatment of FIP
- ¬supportive – drain fluid, steroids, antivirals, interferons
prevention of FIP
- Good hygiene, decrease stress, enough litter trays, only introduce new animals to FeCoV seronegative cats
- No vaccine as causes antibody dependent increases infection
