DOGS Flashcards
Campylobacteriosis
Gram negative motile, thin, S-shaped or gull shaped rod. It can occur singly, in pairs or in chains. C. jejuni is the most commonly isolated.
Clinical signs: mucus-laden diarrhea
What needs to be monitored after the removal of an insulinoma?
Hyperglycemia; monitoring blood glucose is important. When performing mass resections of the pancreas the ideal situation is a mass associated with the tail of the pancreas. Otherwise they can be very difficult to excise in their entirety and you run the risk of disrupting the flow of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreas is responsible for secreting insulin which is what stimulates glucose to be removed from the blood stream and taken into the cell. A patient with a mass in the pancreas that is causing hypoglycemia has an insulinoma. Removal of an insulinoma can occasionally lead to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus requring insulin administration in dogs.
Salmonella
Gram-negative bacillus
C. difficile
Gram positive rod
Cryptosporidium
Coccidian parasite
Struvite urolithiasis
Large bladder stones in the presence of a UTI and alkaline urine are usually struvite, particularily when accompanied by struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystalluria. The infecting organisms are usually urease-producers (Staphylococus, Proteus, Klebsiella, some E. coli) which alkalinize the urine and favor struvite formation. The single most important long-term management is prevention of infection.
Calcium oxalate stones
are usually small (1cm or less), are often present in the absence of a UTI and can’t be dissolved
Cystine stones
occur most often in Newfoundland dogs, dachshunds, and bulldogs. They are radiolucent and occur due to metabolic defects.
Urate stones
are usually small and many. They are frequently radiolucent and can be related to underlying liver disease.
What is the most common urinary bladder tumor?
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
most common urinary bladder tumor.
Clinical signs: stranguria, pollakiuria, hematuria
Diagnosis: abnormal cells often seen on urinalysis, but can’t diagnose on UA alone. Biopsy is needed for definitive diagnosis.
Treatment: chemotherapy can help these patients shrink the tumor for time (for a better quality of life); however the prognosis is grave.
What is the blood parasite that looks similar to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis?
Acanthocheilonema reconditum
What is the difference in treatment between Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Dirofilaria immitis?
Acanthocheilonema reconditum is not pathogenic and is therefore not treated.
What is Central Venous Pressure a measure of?
direct measure of blood pressure in the cranial vena cava. Venous blood volume, venous vessle tone, and cardiac output determine the CVP. CVP is an estimate of preload, not a direct measurment.
What test is both a screening test and a differentiating test for hyperadrenocorticism?
Low dose dexamethasone suppression test. If the 8 hour sample is above 1.4ug/dL, the test is diagnostic for hyperadrenocorticism (either pituitary or adrenal dependent). If the 4 hour sample is below 1.4ug/dL or less than half of the baseline value, it is diagnostic for pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
What are the different screening tests for hyperadrenocorticism?
-Low dose dexamethasone suppression test
-urine cortisol:creatinine ratio
-ACTH stimulation test
What tests can be used to differentiate pituitary versus adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
-low dose dexamethasone suppression test
-Endogenous ACTH
-high dose dexamethasone suppression tests
What is the most common direction of luxation in a coxofemoral luxation?
Craniodorsal
What imaging modality is best to identify the lesion in an IVDD suspected patient?
MRI; best imaging modality to visualize the spinal cord
A 4yr old Dachshund has just presented for an acute onset of hind limb ataxia. On PE, there is a lack of voluntary motion of the pelvic limb along with conscious proprioceptive deficits. There is no panniculus reflex caudal to L3.
What diagnosis do you suspect?
Type 1 disc herniation
-this is acute while type 2 is slow and chronic
-Dachshunds are very predisposed to disc disease (particularly type 1)
What is the most common complication following an intestinal resection and anastomosis surgery?
Septic peritonitis
What is the most common time frame for an anastomosis failure?
3-5 days postoperatively; this is due to the timing of degradation of fibrin at the site prior to deposition of sufficient collagen
Negative reinforcement as a behavioral principle
occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus thereby increasing that behaviors frequency. An example is a loud noise continuously sounding until a lever is pressed, upon which the loud noise is removed. This will encourage the behavior of pressing the lever.
Negative punishment as a behavioral principle
also called punishment by contingent withdrawal, occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child’s toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.