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Year 2 Small Animal ID > Dog/ Cat Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Dog/ Cat Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Common themes of bacterial infections

A

• Often secondary, If diagnose often need to find out what the primary is
• Isolation does not necessarily equate to clinical relevance.
• Sometimes difficult to interpret a positive result.
• Carriers – clinically normal animals, shedding bacteria
• Antibacterial resistance must be considered.
– is treatment of bacteria always necessary?
• Often not species specific raising questions of zoonosis (and reverse zoonosis).

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2
Q

BActerial infections of dogs

A
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • E.coli
  • Leptospirosis
  • Borrelia
  • Staph
  • Ehrlichia
  • Tetanus – talk about last 3 another day as primarily in relation to other species
  • Botulism
  • Brucella
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3
Q

Facts about salmonella

A

Opportunistic
1. BActeria
2. Gram negative
3. Family enterobacteriaceae
4. Infect wide range of animals, birds and reptiles
5. Gasteroenteritis in humans
6. Food borne most common transmission
• Carried by healthy animals – reservoir (carry without showing symptoms of infection
• Dogs, cats & reptiles – turtles, lizards, snakes, frogs etc – leave salmonella traces in through house if left to free-reign, faeces.
o 10-100% reptiles can shed it
• High incidence in young children  due to them testing things with mouths etc
• Outbreak linked to feeder mice

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4
Q

what is illness from salmonella called?

A

Salmonellosis

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5
Q

Talk about salmonellosis
infection vs disease?
Lots of serovars?

A

• Infection much more common than disease
– 1-5% normal cats shedding
– up to 25% dogs < 6 months old
• Possible cause of ‘garbage guts syndrome’ in puppies and kittens (e.g. from food or wild birds/rodents).
• Wide range of serovars involved (whatever is local) mostly belonging to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica…

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6
Q

How is salmonella transmitted?

A
  • indirect: Ingestion of contaminated (raw) food, water or fomites (contaminated by infected faeces)
  • Direct contact with an infected animal or human (less common)
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7
Q

What are clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A
  1. Pyrexia
  2. Anorexia
  3. Vomiting and diarrhoae
  4. Abdominal pain
  5. Bacteraemia
  6. Abortion. stillbirth
  7. Severe disease in some individuals
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8
Q

How do you diagnose salmonellosis?

A
  • Isolation of Salmonella from faeces

* Infected dogs shed for 4 to 6 weeks – some become carriers

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9
Q

How do you treat salmonellosis?

A
  1. Local GI disease (a bit unwell, little diarrhoea) DO NOT USE ANTIBACTERIALS
    a) risk of inc AMR
    b) evidence that antibacterial use can prolonge shedding
    c) let the animal clear the infection. Monitor this by repeat samples
  2. BActeraemia requires antibacterial therapy - minority of cases
    a) Suggested antibiotics - trimethoprim and sulphonamide, amoxycillin), do sensitivity tests to make sure get correct antibac first time
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10
Q

Name of disease caused by campylobacter bacteria

A

CAMPYLOBACTEROSIS

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11
Q

CAMPYLOBACTEROSIS

What type in humans, and dogs?

A
  • In humans mainly C. jejuni (poultry associated most typically) but also C. coli and others
  • In dogs mainly C.upsaliensis
  • Common with no clinical signs
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12
Q 
Campylobacterosis:
what is it usually a result of?
Diagnosis
Treatment
What to be aware of?
A
  • Probably secondary or opportunistic pathogens
  • Diagnosis: fresh fecal material, special transport and growth media
  • Treatment: supportive, like salmonella.
  • Potentially zoonotic (relatively rare but if immunocompromsied be more aware)
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13
Q

E coli

A
  • Normal gut flora, certain types can cause damage = toxin producing
  • Enteropathogenic E.coli – toxin production
  • Commonly use production of Haemolysins as measure of potential significance.
  • Isolating E coli from fecal sample is normal but if cultures on blood agar, around colony lysis of blood cells = E coli producing harmolysin and so clinically more significant
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14
Q

Leptospirosis about

A
  • Mobile spirochaete

* Affects humans & a wide range of animals (not species specific) , including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles

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15
Q

Most common serovars of lepto in dogs:

A

– Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
– Leptospira canicola
– Leptospira grippotyphosa

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16
Q

How is lepto transmitted? What about humans?

A
  • Generally urine transmitted

* Relatively rare in humans

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of lepto

A

• Direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals
– Including contaminated water or soil
• Penetration through mucous membranes
• Multiplication in blood
• Spread to whole range of tissues – kidney (into urine then passed to next animal), liver (common CS jaundice), spleen, CNS, eyes and genital tract
• Organisms cleared from most tissues but persist in kidneys with renal excretion for weeks/months (carriers).

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18
Q

Clinical signs of lepto in dogs

A

• Severity depends on serovar, age and immunity of host
• Acute (severe)
– pyrexia, vomiting, shock, haemorrhage, jaundice, renal failure
• Sub-acute
– pyrexia, PUPD, petechia (pin point round spot as result of bleeding, severe = haemorrhage), jaundice

19
Q

Diagnosis of lepto in dogs

A
  • History and clinical signs
  • Serology (titre > 1in 800; or a fourfold rise in titres)
  • Detection of spirochaetes in urine sample; fluorescent antibody
  • PCR detection of leptospira
20
Q

Treatment of lepto in dogs

A
  • Supportive treatment e.g fluid replacement – animals often very ill when arrive
  • Penicillin – clears bacteraemia
  • Tetracycline or doxycycline to eliminate organisms from carrier dogs
  • Zoonotic implications – make owner aware, need to keep infected animal in an environment for fairly long period of time while it is SHEDDING spirochetes
  • Why most dogs are vaccinated
21
Q

Prevention of lepto

A

• Vaccination – does not necessarily protect against all serovars
– Considerable debate about what are the right serovars to include in vaccines.
• L2 vaccines historically
• L4 vaccines some now have
• Eliminate organism from carrier animals
• Prevent contact with reservoir hosts (rodents in this context)

22
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi:

A

– Lyme disease
– Likely very rare in UK pets
– Massive public awareness in humans
– Tick transmitted
– Zoonosis (but unlikely owner to get from infected pet)
– Clinical signs in animals: ?lameness, lymphadenopathy
– Anti-parasite companies use it as part of the drive tick prevention

23
Q

Staphylococcus

A
  • Gram-positive bacteria

* Commensals of skin of man and animals

24
Q

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

A

• Mucosal commensal and opportunistic pathogen
• Most common organism associated with canine pyoderma.
• ( multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens) MRSP isolates now considered worldwide. ☹
• MRSP usually show MDR
• MRSP carriage in healthy dogs (0-4.5%) and cats (1.2-4%).
• Rare zoonosis in the immunocompromised people
Opportunistic: infection only occurs due to a primary underlying cause that disrupts the balance between host-defences and microbiota.
Typically skin and ear infections (surface, superficial and deep pyoderma), traumatic and post-surgical wound infections, possibly complicated by implants, suture material and biofilm

25
Q

Diagnosis of Staphylococcus

A

• Staph pyoderma: cytology.
– degenerative neutrophils with intracellular coccoid bacteria in pairs or groups.
• MRSP: culture and susceptibility testing.
• The carriage or infection risk increases with administration of antimicrobials, surgery, hospitalisation or frequent veterinary premises contact.

26
Q

Control of staph

A

HAND HYGEINE is the single most effective

27
Q

Treatment Staphylococcus

A

• Often secondary infection
• Investigation and treatment of the underlying disease is paramount for a successful outcome.
• Superficial pyoderma cases, topical therapy alone is recommended.
– 2-4% chlorhexidine (shampoo, sprays, wet wipes and mousse)
• Severe/ widespread superficial pyoderma or deep pyoderma.
– Systemic antibiotics based on culture
– seek specialist advice

28
Q

Opportunistic infections with Staphylococcus .aureus

A
  • S. aureus carried in nares of up to 30% of healthy people
  • In humans – food poisoning, pneumonia, skin infections and post-operative wound infections
  • In cattle – mastitis
  • In dogs and cats – can be associated with skin infections
  • Horses – pneumonia
29
Q

MRSA

A
  • Meticillin Resistant Staph Aureus – one of the first organisms that got us talking about AMR
  • Commensal skin and nasal passages
  • Zoonotic potential
30
Q

MRSA in dogs and cats

A 
•	EMRSA (Epidemic strain) 15 and 16
–	Dominant types in UK human hospitals
–	Also most common in cats and dogs
–	Reverse zoonosis
–	Believed that cats and dogs are being infected by people who are often in hospitals.
31
Q

Treatment MRSA in dogs adn cats

A

– culture and sensitivity
– Prevent spread
– Decolonisation

32
Q

BVSA guidlines on reducing MRSA

A

• Hand hygiene

•	Simple uniforms
 education 
•	Gloves / aprons
•	Cover wounds
•	Isolation
•	Rational use of antibiotics
•	Aseptic technique
•	Ward cleaning
•	Segregation of all waste
•	Sterilisation
33
Q

Ehrlichiosis

A

Intracellular bacteria – E. canis
• Monocytic ehrlichiosis
• Only in travelled dogs – as far as we know not endemic in UK
• Tick transmitted – Rhipicephalus sanguineus “Brown dog tick”
LAteral projections on mouthparts
• Co-infection with Babesia and Leishmaniasis common
• Doxycycline treatment
• Adapted to living in dog accommodation – very different to I ricinus
• The ears, interdigital spaces, axilla are preferred
• Females drop off at night , thousands of eggs deposited in crevices, cracks in dog kennels
Huge numbers of ticks can infest single dogs but most ticks are in environment

34
Q

Bacterial infections of cats - the 3 main they tedn to get adn dogs don’t

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • Mycoplasma
  • Bartonella
35
Q

Mycobacteria

clinical signs

A

Cats only, dogs tend not to get
• Various species of mycobacteria including tuberculosis
• Zoonotic
• Cutaneous nodules, draining sinuses, panniculitis (painful bumps, or nodules, to form under your skin)

36
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of mycobacteria

A
  • Diagnosis by culture
  • Treatment
  • rifampicin, clarithromycin, and enrofloxacin
  • Some question legitimacy of treatment considering zoonotic potential and threat of antibacterial resistance
37
Q

What is mycoplasma knows as

A

Feline infectious anaemia

38
Q

Talk about feline infections anaemia

Disease
How transmitted
Show signs

A
  • Mycoplasma haemofelis causes it (previously Haemobartonella felis) adheres to erythrocytes, causing damage to membranes and removal of RBC in spleen and liver.
  • Probably transmitted by fleas, possibly also direct from queens to kittens.
  • Often asymptomatic, but if cat stressed or immunosuppressed, causes anaemia.
39
Q

Clinical signs of FIA

A

• Anaemia mainly
– pale MM, lethargy, tachypnoea, dyspnoea on exertion, tachypnoea
• Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
• Pyrexia (sometimes)
• Jaundice if haemolysis severe
• Cyclical variation in signs said to be due to 3-8 week replication cycle

40
Q

Diagnosis of FIA

A

• Haematology (can do in practice) but PCR more sensitive
– regenerative anaemia: polychromasia, nucleated RBC
• Stain smears with Giemsa or acridine orange to reveal small round dots/rings adherent to RBC.
– need experience to identify
– if any antibiotics have been used, smears will be negative
• PCR more sensitive

41
Q

Treatment FIA

A
  • Oxytetracycline or doxycycline for 3 weeks controls, but does not eliminate the infection
  • Prednisilone may help as in addition to direct damage to RBC some cats develop an immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia
  • ??Blood transfusions
  • Underlying stress? Check for FeLV and other immunosuppressants
42
Q

What is the scientific name for cat scratch disease

A

Bartonella henselae

43
Q

Talk about bartonella henselae

A 
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
•	Caused by a bacterium endemic in cats and transmitted by fleas (~10%)
•	Transmitted to humans by scratch
–	mainly children
–	initially skin lesion
–	then lymphadenopathy
–	Prophylaxis; flea control

Year 2 Small Animal ID (9 decks)

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