Canine Viral Infections Flashcards
Facts about Canine distemper virus
- genome
- what species infected
- how common in uk?
- RNA virus
- Envelope
- Emerging disease – virus need to keep eye on
- Morbillivirus genus
- Infects dogs – also other species, including ferrets, badgers and lions and growing
- Multisystem disease
- Rare in UK
- Concern over illegal dog imports (especially rescue dogs)
What are the main viral pathogens causing disease in dogs in the UK
- Canine distemper virus
- Infectious hepatitis
- Canine parvovirus,
- other canine viruses- SARS_CoV2
PAthogenesis of canine distemper virus
- Oronasal infection – very common route of infection
- Multiplies in lymphoid tissue of respiratory tract, gains access to blood
- Widespread multiplication in lymphoid tissue, bone marrow and spleen
- Virus spread from here to epithelial +/- CNS tissues (entry into CNS tissues depends on the immune response mounted by the host)
Clinical signs of canine distemper virus
VARIED
• Subclinical
• Anorexia, depression, pyrexia
• If respiratory epithelia being targeted then get:
1. Ocular and nasal discharge
2. Coughing
3. Conjunctivitis
• Intestinal epithelium primarily affected:
1. Vomiting and diarrhoea
• Skin affected:
1. Hyperkeratosis – nose and feet; “hard pad”
• Neurologic signs seen in proportion of cases
- seen 1-3 wks after other signs – seizures and myoclonus
- Can be severe
Diagnosis canine distemper virus
- History and clinical signs
- Typically unvaccinated dogs – travel to importation
- RT-PCR – smears, blood, urine sediment (RT to turn RNA to DNA) (( get this from retro virus!))
- Virus isolations from secretions is difficult
- Antibody or viral antigen in CSF is diagnostic
- For neurological complications of distemper
Treatment canine Distemper
- No antivirals; symptomatic and supportive treatment e.g fluids, anticonvulsants for seizures (like this for most antivirals)
- Careful nursing
- Antibacterial cover for secondary infections
Canine distemper adn vaccine
- what type?
- when vaccinate?
- Modified live
- Given as part of core vaccine
- Classically vaccinate when MDA declines to non-detectable levels: approx 8-12 weeks of age
- Nowadays higher titred vaccines (more antigen in) allow earlier finish vaccination if necessary
What is canine adenovirus known as
Canine Hepatitis
Infectious canine hepatits facts
- Canine adenovirus type 1
- Very hardy virus; survives weeks in environment so dogs can become infected frm environment
- Disease now uncommon due to vaccination
- Mainly seen in unvaccinated dogs, or on ‘puppy farms’
Pathogenesis of infectious hepatitis
- Oronasal infection
- Viraemia – viruses love to get in blood!!!
- Virus spreads to many tissues
- Virus then localises and causes damage in hepatic cells and vascular endothelial cells
- Virus persists in kidneys and can be excreted in urine for 6 to 9 months
Clinical signs canine hapatitis
- Often dogs < 1 year of age
- Pyrexia, depression, lethargy
- Hepatomegaly (large liver)
- Reluctance to move, abdominal pain
- Petecchial haemorrhages – bleeding from venipuncture sites due to damage to epithelial cells
- Vomiting and diarrhoea (haemorrhagic)
- Coughing
- Corneal oedema and uveitis – during clinical recovery = “blue eye”
Diagnosis canine hepatitis
- Can see inclusion bodies during histopathology)
- Virus isolation from faecal samples or oropharyngeal swabs
- Serology
- Histopathology of liver tissue at postmortem – cowdry A type intranuclear inclusion bodies
- PCR
Treatment canine hepatitis
- No specific antivirals
- Supportive and symptomatic treatments
- Antibacterial cover for secondary infections if necessary
Prevention canine hepatitis
ALL about VACCINATION:
• Vaccination – CAV-2
• CAV-1 vaccines not used due to problems with blue eye – corneal oedema
What is virus classification based on?
• Virus classification is based on: – The genome (RNA or DNA) – Number and sense of RNA/DNA strands – Morphology (size, symmetry, envelope) – Genome sequence similarity – Ecology
Canine parvovirus
- what does it do
- genome
- First recognised in 1978
- Attacks rapidly dividing cells
- Non-enveloped DNA viruses (doesn’t change as much as a RNA
- No envelope Stable in environment for prolonged periods of time
- Cause of profouned diarrhoea in dogs
Canine and feline parvo
Tiny virus
Environmentally resistant
Highly infectious
DNA virus, so SMALL it doesn’t even have a DNA polymerase of its own, needs to own DNA polymerase of host cell rapidly dividing cells
Invades rapidly dividing cells (intestine, bone marrow)
Leucopenia
Severe diarrhoea
Vomiting
Largely controlled by vaccination
• Targets actively dividing cells as needs DNA polymerase: small DNA virus needs host machinery as it lack own DNA polymerase
• Villus crypt epithelium enteritis
• Bone marrow and lymphoid tissue panleucopenia
• Late gestation/neonatal cerebellum cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens will have cat food all over face)
• Early pregnancy foetal death, abortion
Canine parvo strains/ varients
- CPV-2 first recognised in 1978. CANINE. If put into cats nothing happens
- From feline parvovirus? if put into dogs nothing happens
- Evolved – now two strains CPV-2a and CPV-2b, which can infect both cats and dogs
- CPV2c
- CPV-2c………..
Pathogenesis of canine parvovirus
- Faecal-oral transmission
- Virus replication in lymphoid tissue
- Viraemia
- Virus replication in intestinal cells – crypts of villi
- Destruction of normal GI epithelium with profound stunting and loss of villi
- Therefore lack of ability to absorb
- Often haemorrhagic diarrhoea
- Secondary bacterial infection, bacteria translocating from intestine into blood☹
- Targets actively dividing cells as needs DNA polymerase: small DNA virus needs host machinery as it lack own DNA polymerase
- Villus crypt epithelium enteritis
- Bone marrow and lymphoid tissue panleucopenia
- Late gestation/neonatal cerebellum cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens will have cat food all over face)
- Early pregnancy foetal death, abortion
Canine parvovirus in utero or neonatal (younger than 8 weeks exposure)
infects the rapidly dividing cells of the intestines and the bone marrow. In very young puppies the virus can also infect the cells of the heart.
• Virus replicates in myocardium – myocarditis in animals affected in utero or v soon after borth
• Rare nowadays – protection from MDA
Pregnant queens infected with parvovirus, the virus can spread to the unborn kittens where it can interfere with the developing brain. Kittens may then be born with a condition known as cerebellar hypoplasia
Clinical signs canine parvo virus
• More severe in unvaccinated young rapidly growing pups (<12wks)
• Inapparent infection to sudden death
• Range of gastrointestinal signs – vomiting, intense, profuse diarrhoea (haemorrhagic)
• Anorexia, depression, pyrexia
• Dehydration
• Sepsis and DIC
• Sudden death
• Depressed and dehydrated (leads to shock)
pyrexic
Diagnosis of canine parvo
- Lateral flow
- History and clinical signs
- ELISA, culture, PCR
- Detection of virus in faecal samples – negative results do not mean no infection
- Be aware, can be virus positive in faecal samples 5-7 days after a live attenuated vaccine
- Serology – care in interpretation, vaccination and MDA
Treatment of canine parvovirus
- Fluid therapy – need to restore fluid and electrolyte balance
- Antibacterial cover
- Antiemetic agents if vomiting
- Interferon
Transmission canine parvo vorus
• Virus shed in faeces for 10-12 days (5-7 days after onset of clinical signs)
• Direct contact with contaminated faeces
Faecal oraltransmission
• Fomites
• Contaminated environment – resistant virus in environment so if treat me VERY thorough with your cleaning and
• Hair coats of dogs
