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doc kumareng che Flashcards

1
Q

science of measuring Ab or Ag in body fluids

A

serology

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2
Q

production of Ab (substances) that protects the body against the Ag

A

immune rxn

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3
Q

specialized proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of Ag

A

Ab

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4
Q

molecules (protein or carb) that are recognized by the immune system as foreign of non-self

A

Ag

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5
Q

enable an early diagnosis or presumptive diagnosis of an infectious dz

A

Ag test
- identification of a pathogen that has been isolated by culture
- identification of pathogens in different samples

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6
Q

uses of Ab tests

A
  • diagnose a microbial dz when the pathogen microbial Ag is not present in routine specimen
  • screen donor blood for different infectious dz
  • monitor effectiveness of a given tx by measuring Ab titer
  • diagnose autoimmune disorder
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7
Q

immunological techniques that measure the direct interaction b/w Ag and Ab in vitro

A

primary binding tests (ELISA, IFA, RIA)

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8
Q

immunological techniques that measure the consequences of interaction b/w Ag and Ab in vitro

A

secondary binding tests (agglutination, CFT, precipitation, neutralization test)

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9
Q

immunological techniques that measure Ag and Ab interactions in vivo (in body)

A

tertiary binding tests

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10
Q

uses an enzyme system to show the specific combi of an Ag w/ its Ab

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

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11
Q

labeled or linked to a specific Ab or Ag

A

enzyme

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12
Q

added after Ag-AB rxn and acted on (usually hydrolyzed) by the enzyme attached to the Ag-Ab complexes, to give a color change

A

substrate

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13
Q

4 types of ELISA

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect
  3. sandwich
  4. competitive
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14
Q

2 main ways of performing ELISA

A
  1. double Ab technique to detect Ag
  2. indirect technique to detect and assay Ab
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15
Q

PCR applications

A
  • genetic testing
  • pathogen detection
  • drug development
  • crop modification
  • forensic analysis
  • sequencing
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16
Q

qPCR steps

A

repeat 25-30 cycles:
1. denaturation (94C)
2. annealing (50-60C)
3. extension (72C)

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17
Q

T/F: qPCR uses a fluorescent dye that only fluoresces when bound to double DNA (dsDNA)

A

T

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18
Q

T/F: every PCR cycle, more and more ssDNA is made, and fluorescence will get brighter and brighter

A

F - dsDNAi

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19
Q

T/F: early in the rxn there is so little DNA that the fluorescence cannot be detected

A

T

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20
Q

it is where fluorescence can observed enough DNA

A

threshold

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21
Q

cycle at w/c fluorescence is 1st observable above bg

A

cycle threshold

22
Q

T/F: a rxn’s Ct is directly linked to the starting concentration of target sequence

A

T

23
Q

T/F: in a PCR, the amount of target sequence doubles every cycle

A

T

24
Q

T/F: If there is a two-cycle difference, you expect a four-fold difference in starting DNA concentration. A three-cycle difference, eight-fold and so on.

A

T

25
Q

refers to an advanced stage of development of the egg and not merely after fertilization

A

embryonated egg

26
Q

T/F: embryonated egg is an intact and self-supporting unit w/ its own sterile environment and nourishment and has embryonic tissues that support viral multiplication

A

T

27
Q
  • fuses w/ allantois to form chorioallantoic membrane
  • brings the capillaries of the allantoic into direct contact w/ the shell membrane allowing calcium reabsorption
A

chorion

28
Q
  • embryonic respiratory organ
  • receives excretions of embryonic kidney
  • absorbs albumen
  • absorbs calcium from shell
A

allantois

29
Q
  • digests and absorbs yolk material to provide sustenance for embryo
  • supplies food/nourishment for embryo
A

yolk sac

30
Q
  • respiration and pressure adjustment
A

air sac

31
Q

barrier and exchange system for gases and liquid molecules

A

shell and shell membrane

32
Q

protective cushion during embryonic development

A

amnion

33
Q

nutrient (protein source) for embryo

A

albumen

34
Q

generic term used for in vitro cultivation, maintenance and propagation of cells isolated from cells, tissues, or organs in an appropriate environment or medium separate from the parent organism

A

tissue/cell culture

35
Q
  • type of cell culture obtained directly from donor tissues
  • only able to divide a finite number of times due to telomore loss
  • cells eventually reach senescence (cels no longer divide)
A

primary cells

36
Q
  • type of cell culture that can grow indefinitely
  • useful for long-term research
  • obtained from clinical tumors or transforming primary cells w/ viral oncogenes or chemical tx (transformations)
A

cell lines
1. finite - defined # of subculturing or passage
2. continuous - indefinite

37
Q

cell morphology that is bipolar or multipolar, elongated shapes, grow attached to a substrate

A

fibroblastic or fibroblast-like

38
Q

cell morphology that is polygonal in shape w/ more regular dimensions, grow attached to a substrate

A

epithelial-like

39
Q

cell morphology that is spherical in shape and usually grown in suspension

A

lymphoblast-like

40
Q

examples of monolayers (adherent cultures)

A
  • Vero cells
  • MDCK cells
  • fibroblast
41
Q

example of free-floating (suspension cultures)

A

lymphocyte

42
Q

cell culture growth conditions

A
  • 5% CO2
  • 41C (avian cells)
  • 37C (mammalian cells)
  • <34C (zebrafish cells)
43
Q

commonly used commercial media

A
  1. DMEM (Dulbecco/s Modified Eagle Medium)
  2. RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial institute-1640)
  3. F12 (Ham’s F12 Nutrient Mixture)
44
Q

T/F: CO2 from the incubator dissolves in cell culture media where phenol red acts as a pH indicator

A

T

45
Q

common culture contaminants

A
  • viruses
  • Mycoplasma
  • bacteria
  • yeasts
  • eukaryotic cells
  • Mycelia
46
Q

advantages of tissue/cell culture

A
  • allows investigators to determine effects of tx to a particular cell types
  • obtain samples and make observations more readily
  • study isolated interactions in its near normal environment
  • consistency and reproducibility of results
47
Q

limitations of tissue/cell culture

A
  • must add everything the virus needs for propagation
  • cell-cell interaction is reduced and unnatural
  • does not contain normal heterogeneity and 3d architecture seen in vivo
48
Q

common cytopathic effects

A
  • cell rounding
  • cell clumping
  • syncytia
  • cell enlargement
49
Q

scientific study of viruses and the diseases they cause

A

virology

50
Q
  • acellular infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells
  • consist of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid)
  • some are enclosed by an envelope and some have spikes
  • completely dependent on host cells for protein synthesis
  • lack cell membranes, ribosomes, etc
A

virus

51
Q

chick embryo routes of inoculation

A
  • chorioallantoic membrane inoculation
  • amniotic inoculation
  • yolk sac inoculation
  • allantoic inoculation
52
Q
A

veld (4 decks)

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