DNA Viruses Flashcards by Fatma Alr

Adenoviruses Replication

Cell nucleus

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Adenovirus Three Main Groups

Respiratory Diseases —> B and C

Eye Infections —> B and D

Gastrointestinal Disease —> F40, F41, G52

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Adenovirus more common in?

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Adenovirus Latency?

May occur in LYMPHOID TISSUE, ADENOID, TONSILS, INTESTINE with occasional and low-level shedding of virus during life

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Adenovirus Clinical Manifestations (4)

1- Respiratory diseases

2- Ocular diseases

3- Non-respiratory syndromes

4- Intestinal Infections

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Adenovirus- Respiratory Diseases (4)

1- Acute Febrile Pharyngitis (Infants, young children, cough, fever, stuffy nose)

2- Pharyngoconjunctival Fever (Children and young adults- outbreaks at children summer camps e.g. swimming pool conjunctivitis)

3- Acute Respiratory Disease (Outbreaks of URT and LRT infections in military recruits)

4- Pneumonia (among AIDS and Immunocompromised)

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Adenovirus- Ocular Diseases (2)

1- Conjunctivitis (Red eye)
(Complete recovery)

2- Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (Shipyard eye)
(Aggressive conjunctivitis mainly in adults, pain, photophobia, lymphadenopathy, keratitis - (inflammation of cornea) result in impaired eye vision

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Adenovirus- Non-respiratory syndromes (Immunosuppressed) (2)

1- Hemorrhagic cystitis

2- Meningoencephalitis

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Adenovirus- Intestinal infections (F40, F41)

Adenoviruses account for 15% of gastroenteritis among children (Acute Diarrhea)

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Adenovirus Treatment (3)

Supporting and relieving symptoms

NO ANTIVIRAL drug

Most infections self-limited and do not warrant specific therapy

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Adenovirus Prevention (2)

1- Live oral vaccine against type 4 and 7 for military only

2- Keep swimming pools adequately chlorinated

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Poxviruses General Characteristics (3)

Largest of all viruses

Enveloped

Brick-shaped

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Poxviruses Replication

Within Cytoplasm of affected cell

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Poxviruses Transmission

Zoonotic disease: humans, vertebrates, arthropods are natural hosts

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What do Poxvirus infections result in? (3)

Lesions, Skin Nodules, Disseminated Rash

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Smallpox (Variola) Transmission (2)

1- Coughing or sneezing

2- Direct contact with fluid in Papules and Scabs

ERADICATED

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Vaccinia Virus (2)

Virus used as LIVE ATTENUATED vaccine to eradicate SMALLPOX

Papules at site of vaccination, rash, vesicles, swelling, and inflammation

Cowpox Virus (6)

Closely related to Variola

Mildly eruptive disease in cows (ulcers on teats)

Wood mice are natural reservoir

Cows, cats, and humans are accidental hosts

Rare infection of humans (Farm workers). Transmitted by direct contact with infected cows during milking

Self-contained, localized ulcer on hands, face, or at other sites where scratched or abrasions allowed entry of virus

Monkeypox Virus (3)

Disease resembles Smallpox with significant mortality rate

Sources: Squirrels (main reservoir), Priarie dogs, Gambian giant rats, Primates

Transmission:

Contact with infected animal blood, lesion, or body fluids
Infected respiratory droplets or touching infected body fluids

ORF (3)

Transmitted to human by direct contact with infected sheep

PUSTULAR DERMATITIS (Painless solitary or multiple cutaneous lesions on hand, forearm, or face)

Treatment —> CIDOFOVIR

Pseudocowpox Virus (4)

Disease of cattle (cows, bulls, oxen, or calves)

Causing ring or horseshoe shaped coatings on teats, which usually heal within 6 weeks

Lesions may develop on mouths of nursing calves

In humans, lesions are NODULAR, appear on hands of milkers (MILKER’S NODULES)

Molluscipoxvirus (Molluscum Contagiosum)- Children

Transmitted by saliva

Nodular lesions on trunk and extremities

Round, firm, umbilicated, and painless

Molluscipoxvirus (Molluscum Contagiosum)- Adults

Transmitted sexually

Lesions limited to genitals, lower abdomen, and inner thighs

Self-limiting disease

What is Electron microscopy used to distinguish between?

Pox and Herpes virions

Papillomaviruses General Characteristics (3)

Non-enveloped Not growing in cell cultures Develop into nodules- painless

What do Papillomaviruses infect? (3)

Infect basal cells Vision in keratinocytes Excessive growth of brown to grey tissue

Papillomaviruses- Latency

In basal cells

Papillomaviruses- Clinical Manifestations (6)

1- Hyperkeratosis (Cutaneous warts) 2- Condyloma acuminata (Genital warts) 3- Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) 4- Laryngeal papilloma 5- Intraepithelial Neoplasia 6- Cervical cancer

Hyperkeratosis (Cutaneous warts) (2)

Flat warts —> Verruca planae Common warts —> Verruca vulgaris

Condyloma Acuminata (Genital warts) (3)

Benign genital warts in both sex (LOW RISK types) LATENCY RECCURENCIES

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EV) (3)

High risk of CARCINOMA of skin exposed to SUNLIGHT Scaly macules and reddish papules, particularly on face, hands, and feet HPV 5 and 8

Laryngeal Papilloma (4)

Most common in CHILDREN HPV 6 and 11 Transmitted during DELIVERY and establish PERSISTENT infection Bad voice and breathing difficulties

Intraepithelial Neoplasia

HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 causation of carcinoma in both Cervix and Penis

HPV Treatment (4)

1- Cryotherapy 2- Surgical excision 3- Laser therapy 4- Cidofovir

HPV Vaccines (3)

Cervarix—> HPV 16 and 18 (cause cervical cancer) Gardasil—> HPV 6 and 11 (cause genital warts) and HPV 16 and 18 (cause cervical cancer) Gardasil 9 —> HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 (cause cervical cancer) and HPV 6 and 11 (cause genital warts)

Polyomaviruses (5)

Non-enveloped Widespread in nature, mammals, and birds serve as natural hosts Common CHILDHOOD infection, mostly asymptomatic In immunocompetent hosts, viruses remain LATENT after primary infection REACTIVATE during immunosuppression

Polyomavirus JC- Clinical Manifestations (4)

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Rare and fatal —> Progressive damage or inflammation of WHITE MATTER of brain Occurs in people with severe immunodeficiency e.g. AIDS Symptoms include weakness, paralysis, vision loss, impaired speech, coma, and death

Polyomavirus JC- Treatment (2)

1- Antiviral Drugs —> Cidofovir 2- Antimalarial Drugs —> Mefloquine

Polyomavirus JC- Diagnosis (2)

1- PCR: In CSF or brain biopsy specimen 2- MRI: Characteristic evidence of damage in brain

Polyomavirus BK- Clinical Manifestations (4)

Immunocompetent —> Asymptomatic, after primary infection LATENCY in KIDNEY and URINARY TRACT Transplant patients —> 1- Hemorrhagic Cystitis (in HSCT recipients) 2- Ureteric Stenosis (in Renal transplant recipients) 3- BKV-associated Nephropathy (leading to graft rejection due to damage of kidney)

Polyomavirus BK- Treatment (2)

1- Lowering immunosuppressive agents 2- Cidofovir

Merckel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV)- Clinical Manifestations (3)

Merkel Cell Carcinoma —> Rare skin cancer and highly aggressive SUM-EXPOSED face, head, and neck Metastasizes quickly, tending towards regional lymph nodes