DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 1

DNA is made of?

Answer 1

Nuclei acids

Question 2

What’s the role of nucleotides and nucleosides?

Answer 2

• Transmission of genetic information
• Energy Storage
• Preservation of genetic information
• Energy Transmission
• Signaling
• Antioxidant

Question 3

What are three parts of nucleotide ?

Answer 3

1. Sugar: either ribose or deoxyribose
2. Nitrogenous base (attached to carbon 1 in ring)
3. One, two or three phosphate groups (on carbon 5)

Question 4

What’s the difference between nucleotide and nucleoside structure?

Answer 4

Same except nucleotide has phosphate groups while nucleoside does not

Question 5

What do ribonucleic acids (nucleotides with ribose sugars) do?

Answer 5

They attach to other ribose sugars to form RNA which makes proteins

Question 6

What do deoxyribonucleic acid (nucleotides with deoxyribose) do?

Answer 6

They form DNA which makes up the genome found in all living cells

Question 7

Nitrogenous bases (residues) can be categorized in two groups:

Answer 7

Purines: Two rings fused together
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines: One six membered ring
- Cytosine (C)
- Uracil (U)
- Thymine (T)

Question 8

What holds DNA strand helix together?

Answer 8

Intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases)

Question 9

Adenine and Thymine are paired with

Answer 9

Two hydrogen bonds

Question 10

Guanine and Cytosine are paired with

Answer 10

Three hydrogen bonds

Question 11

How do enzymes read DNA?

Answer 11

From 5’ end to 3’ end

Question 12

What must happen to DNA in order to replicate?

Answer 12

Denaturation: process of separating two DNA strands into single strands

Question 13

What is reannealing?

Answer 13

Process of two single DNA strands (that were separated by helicase or heat) coming back together to form original DNA

Question 14

What’s hybridization of DNA?

Answer 14

Process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA form double stranded molecule

Question 15

DNA makes RNA through what process

Answer 15

Transcription

Question 16

RNA makes proteins though what process

Answer 16

Translation

Question 17

Codon

Answer 17

The way nitrogenous bases are arranged to creat a genetic code

Question 18

How many codons are possible?

Answer 18

64 as there are 4 nitrogenous bases involved i.e. 444*4 is 64

Question 19

Point mutation

Answer 19

A mutation affecting only one nucleotide in a codon
Eg) Silent mutation

Question 20

Missense mutation

Answer 20

Mutation where one amino acid is substituted for another

Question 21

Nonsense Mutation (truncation mutation)

Answer 21

Serious because they change a codon for amino acid to a premature stop codon instead

Question 22

What’s a start codon for translation

Answer 22

AUG

Question 23

What’re the stop codons for translation?

Answer 23

UAA
UGA
UAG

Question 24

What’s transcription?

Answer 24

Formation of RNA polymer which is done through RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 25

What’re the three stages of transcription?

Answer 25

1) Initiation: where transcription starts
2) Elongation: this is where RNA strand is grown
3) Termination:

Question 26

RNA starts with AUG which is _______ in DNA

Answer 26

ATG (Thymine is replace with Uracil in RNA) and this is called a sense strand

Question 27

The complimentary DNA strand for ATG is ATC and it’s called

Answer 27

Antisense strand (as it is the opposite of sense strand)

Question 28

What is operon in Prokaryotes?

Answer 28

A system where a group of genes can be turned on or off at same time

Question 29

What are the three basic types of DNA segments?

Answer 29

1. Structural genes: genes that operon works for
2. Promoter: RNA polymerase binds here and can move through DNA to transcribe structural genes (promoter acts like a play button)
3. Operator: a repressor (on/off) switch button binds here and stops RNA polymerase from traveling (pause button)

Question 30

What are repressible operons?

Answer 30

Ones that keeps working unless stopped by something physically

Question 31

What are inducible operon?

Answer 31

Ones that start working when induced by something

Question 32

Positive control operon

Answer 32

Where RNA polymerase is asked to transcribe structural genes so something can be produced

Question 33

Negative control operon

Answer 33

Where RNA polymerase is set to not transcribe structural genes so nothing can be produced

Question 34

How does the cell alter the structure?

Answer 34

Cytosine and adenine bases in DNA can be methylated i.e. affect the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

Question 35

RNA polymerase doesn’t know on its own where to bind so who helps?

Answer 35

Transcription factors help which bind to the specific DNA sequences

Question 36

What’s a recombinant DNA?

Answer 36

DNA sequence created by combining genes from more than one source that wouldn’t occur naturally

Question 37

What is transformation?

Answer 37

Introducing new genetic information into a host so it can integrate in host’s genome

Question 38

What does PCR do and what goes in it?

Answer 38

PCR will create multiple copies of genes. It’s used in lab to create specific DNA.
A PCR test tube contain:
- DNA fragments
- dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate- A, T, C, G)
- Enzymes (Polymerase)
- Target primers

Question 39

What are the common genetic recombination techniques?

Answer 39

1. PCR (to make multiple copies of same gene)
2. Gel electrophoresis (to measure the size of DNA strand)
3. Southern Blotting (used to identify if target genes are present)
4. Restriction enzymes + plasmids (to integrate into new genome)