Bioenergetics

Question 1

Hydrolysis of ATP molecule releases how much energy? And why does it break

Answer 1

It releases 30.5 Kj/mol and it breaks because the phosphate groups on the molecule are breakable i.e. unstable (have high energy)

Question 2

What’s phosphorylation?

Answer 2

When ATP molecule donates its phosphate group to any other molecule

Question 3

What’s an epimer?

Answer 3

A diasteriomer that only differs at one chiral carbon is called epimer

Question 4

What are anomers?

Answer 4

Epimers in which two cyclic forms differ in the configuration of hydroxyl group (OH) at anomeric carbon (carbonyl carbon atom that becomes chiral after ring closure) and instead of C=O there’s OH attached

Question 5

What’re alpha and beta anomers?

Answer 5

Alpha: when OH group is oriented downward
Beta: when OH group is oriented upward

Question 6

What are the different sugars with same formula?

Answer 6

Glucose (C6H12O6) used by cells
Fructose (C6H12O6) found in fruits
Galactose (C6H12O6) found in dairy products

Question 7

What’s a glycosidic linkage?

Answer 7

The covalent bond between a saccharide bonded to another group

Question 8

What do the enzymes end at that break down the carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Enzymes end at ase
Carbohydrates end at ose

For instance:
Lactose is broken down by lactase
Maltose by maltase

Question 9

What are three important processes related to glucose?

Answer 9

Glycolysis: Breaking down of glucose

Gluconeogenesis: creation of glucose

Pentose-5-phosphate pathway: transforms glucose into the precursors of nucleic acids