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life science > DNA: the code of life > Flashcards

DNA: the code of life Flashcards

1
Q

role of the nucleus

A

controls all the cells activities

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2
Q

four main parts of the nucleus

A
  • double nuclear membrane
  • the nucleoplasm
  • the nucleolus
  • the chromatin network
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3
Q

function of the double nuclear membrane

A
  • encloses the nucleus (protects it )
  • contains small pores to allow for the passage of substances in and out of the nucleus
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4
Q

the function of the nucleoplasm

A
  • DNA resides here
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5
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

it is a jelly like fluid within the nucleus

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6
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

it is a dark body suspended in the nucleoplasm

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7
Q

function of a nucleolus

A

it contains free nucleotide bases and produces ribosomes

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8
Q

the function of the chromatin network

A

it contains DNA which forms the chromosomes containing the genetic code

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9
Q

where does the chromatin network reside

A

it is found in the nucleoplasm

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10
Q

what are ribosomes

A

they are small round organelles mainly found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or are free floating in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

they are found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria in small amounts

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12
Q

what do ribosomes consists of

A

it consists of RNA and protein

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13
Q

what is the site for protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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14
Q

function for the cytoplasm

A

allows for metabolic reactions to take place

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15
Q

what is a cytoplasm

A

the base substance in which the organelle of the cell are suspended

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16
Q

where is DNA located

A

it is found mostly in the nucleus (nuclear DNA )
it is also found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria (extra-nuclear DNA)

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17
Q

history of DNA

A

-Rosalind franklin and her assistant Maurice Wilkins were the first to make a breakthrough researching the structure of DNA using diffraction images.
- James Watson and francis Crick did independant research on DNA
- they proposed a 3-D double helix model in 1953 after been given unpublished photographs and measurements from Rosalind Franklins assistants (Maurice Wilkins and Max Perutz)

18
Q

who recieved the nobel peace prize for the discovery of DNA and when

A

in 1962 James Watson ,Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins recieved the nobel prize because Rosalind Franklin had died

19
Q

structure of DNA

A
  • double helix
  • nucleic acid are made up of building blocks (monomers) called nucleotides
20
Q

nitrogen bases of DNA and their complementary bases

A

adenine : thymine
cytosine : guanine

21
Q

function of DNA

A
  • contains coded information for protein synthesis
  • controls the functioning’s of cells
  • carries hereditary information in the forms of genes
  • regulates the functioning’s of genes
22
Q

mutations on DNA replications

A
  • if the incorrect nitrogen base attaches to the original strand and a nitrogen base is added or deleted
  • DNA will change leading to different mRNA codons
  • which will match with different tRNA anticodons
  • resulting in different amino acids
  • being brought to the ribosomes leading to different proteins being formed
23
Q

when do mutations happen on DNA replication

A

mutations happen when errors occur during DNA replication

24
Q

similarities between RNA and DNA

A
  • both contain sugar alternating with phosphate
  • both plays a role in protein synthesis
  • both contains the nitrogen bases adenine , cytosine and guanine
25
differences between DNA and RNA
DNA - contains deoxyribose sugar - double helix and coiled - found in nucleus only - contains nitrogen base thymine RNA - contains ribose sugar - single stranded - contains the nitrogen base uracil - found in nucleus , ribosomes and cytoplasm of cells
26
what is DNA replication
it is the process through which DNA makes an identical copy of itself
27
where does DNA replication occur
it occurs during the interphase of the cell cycle in the nucleus
28
process of DNA replication
- the DNA double helix unwinds - weak hydrogen bonds break - the DNA stands unzips - each strand serves as a template for the formation of DNA molecules - free floating nucleotides pair up and attach to complementary bases - this results in two identical DNA molecules being formed
29
significance of DNA Replication
- doubles the genetic material so that it can be share between the resulting daughter cells during cell division - results in the formation of identical daughter cells during mitosis
30
what is a DNA profile used to identify
- criminals - relatives - dead bodies - paternity
31
protein synthesis describe the process of transcription
- the DNA double helix unwinds - the weak hydrogen bonds break - the DNA unzips - one strand acts as a template - to form a complementary strand of mRNA - using free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm - the mRNA now contains the code for the protein that will be formed - three adjacent nitrogen bases ( known as codons) on the mRNA code for a particular amino acid - mRNA moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it attaches onto a ribosome
32
protein synthesis describe the process of translation
- tRNA in the cytoplasm has three adjacent nitrogen bases known as anticodons - mRNA's codons will be complementary to a tRNA's anticodons - each tRNA will carry a specific amino acid - according to the codons on the mRNA, the tRNA will bring the required amino acids to the ribosomes - the amino acid are linked by a peptide bond to form the required protein
33
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
34
where does transcription occur
nucleus
35
what nitrogen bases are pyrimidine bases and which are purine bases
- uracil , thymine and cytosine are pyrimidine bases ( single -ringed ) - guanine and adenine are purine bases ( double - ringed )
36
structure of RNA
- single stranded polynucleotide - RNA molecules shorter than DNA molecules - contains uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine - uracil is complementary to adenine
37
what is the function of RNA
site for protein synthesis
38
location of RNA
- nucleus - cytoplasm - mitochondria
39
messenger RNA ( mRNA )
-formed in nucleus but then enters the cytoplasm where it attaches to ribosomes -a straight polynucleotide strand which carries information about the amino acid sequence of a protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where the proteins will be formed
40
transfer RNA (tRNA)
-found freely on the cytoplasm of the cell -picks up amino acids in cytoplasms and brings them to the ribosomes where they join to form a protein
41
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-found in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell -site for protein synthesis

life science (5 decks)

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