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life science > DNA: the code of life > Flashcards

DNA: the code of life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

role of the nucleus

A

controls all the cells activities

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2
Q

four main parts of the nucleus

A
  • double nuclear membrane
  • the nucleoplasm
  • the nucleolus
  • the chromatin network
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3
Q

function of the double nuclear membrane

A
  • encloses the nucleus (protects it )
  • contains small pores to allow for the passage of substances in and out of the nucleus
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4
Q

the function of the nucleoplasm

A
  • DNA resides here
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5
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

it is a jelly like fluid within the nucleus

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6
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

it is a dark body suspended in the nucleoplasm

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7
Q

function of a nucleolus

A

it contains free nucleotide bases and produces ribosomes

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8
Q

the function of the chromatin network

A

it contains DNA which forms the chromosomes containing the genetic code

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9
Q

where does the chromatin network reside

A

it is found in the nucleoplasm

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10
Q

what are ribosomes

A

they are small round organelles mainly found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or are free floating in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

they are found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria in small amounts

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12
Q

what do ribosomes consists of

A

it consists of RNA and protein

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13
Q

what is the site for protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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14
Q

function for the cytoplasm

A

allows for metabolic reactions to take place

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15
Q

what is a cytoplasm

A

the base substance in which the organelle of the cell are suspended

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16
Q

where is DNA located

A

it is found mostly in the nucleus (nuclear DNA )
it is also found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria (extra-nuclear DNA)

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17
Q

history of DNA

A

-Rosalind franklin and her assistant Maurice Wilkins were the first to make a breakthrough researching the structure of DNA using diffraction images.
- James Watson and francis Crick did independant research on DNA
- they proposed a 3-D double helix model in 1953 after been given unpublished photographs and measurements from Rosalind Franklins assistants (Maurice Wilkins and Max Perutz)

18
Q

who recieved the nobel peace prize for the discovery of DNA and when

A

in 1962 James Watson ,Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins recieved the nobel prize because Rosalind Franklin had died

19
Q

structure of DNA

A
  • double helix
  • nucleic acid are made up of building blocks (monomers) called nucleotides
20
Q

nitrogen bases of DNA and their complementary bases

A

adenine : thymine
cytosine : guanine

21
Q

function of DNA

A
  • contains coded information for protein synthesis
  • controls the functioning’s of cells
  • carries hereditary information in the forms of genes
  • regulates the functioning’s of genes
22
Q

mutations on DNA replications

A
  • if the incorrect nitrogen base attaches to the original strand and a nitrogen base is added or deleted
  • DNA will change leading to different mRNA codons
  • which will match with different tRNA anticodons
  • resulting in different amino acids
  • being brought to the ribosomes leading to different proteins being formed
23
Q

when do mutations happen on DNA replication

A

mutations happen when errors occur during DNA replication

24
Q

similarities between RNA and DNA

A
  • both contain sugar alternating with phosphate
  • both plays a role in protein synthesis
  • both contains the nitrogen bases adenine , cytosine and guanine
25
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
- contains deoxyribose sugar
- double helix and coiled
- found in nucleus only
- contains nitrogen base thymine

RNA
- contains ribose sugar
- single stranded
- contains the nitrogen base uracil
- found in nucleus , ribosomes and cytoplasm of cells

26
Q

what is DNA replication

A

it is the process through which DNA makes an identical copy of itself

27
Q

where does DNA replication occur

A

it occurs during the interphase of the cell cycle in the nucleus

28
Q

process of DNA replication

A
  • the DNA double helix unwinds
  • weak hydrogen bonds break
  • the DNA stands unzips
  • each strand serves as a template for the formation of DNA molecules
  • free floating nucleotides pair up and attach to complementary bases
  • this results in two identical DNA molecules being formed
29
Q

significance of DNA Replication

A
  • doubles the genetic material so that it can be share between the resulting daughter cells during cell division
  • results in the formation of identical daughter cells during mitosis
30
Q

what is a DNA profile used to identify

A
  • criminals
  • relatives
  • dead bodies
  • paternity
31
Q

protein synthesis
describe the process of transcription

A
  • the DNA double helix unwinds
  • the weak hydrogen bonds break
  • the DNA unzips
  • one strand acts as a template
  • to form a complementary strand of mRNA
  • using free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm
  • the mRNA now contains the code for the protein that will be formed
  • three adjacent nitrogen bases ( known as codons) on the mRNA code for a particular amino acid
  • mRNA moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it attaches onto a ribosome
32
Q

protein synthesis
describe the process of translation

A
  • tRNA in the cytoplasm has three adjacent nitrogen bases known as anticodons
  • mRNA’s codons will be complementary to a tRNA’s anticodons
  • each tRNA will carry a specific amino acid
  • according to the codons on the mRNA, the tRNA will bring the required amino acids to the ribosomes
  • the amino acid are linked by a peptide bond to form the required protein
33
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

34
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

35
Q

what nitrogen bases are pyrimidine bases and which are purine bases

A
  • uracil , thymine and cytosine are pyrimidine bases ( single -ringed )
  • guanine and adenine are purine bases ( double - ringed )
36
Q

structure of RNA

A
  • single stranded polynucleotide
  • RNA molecules shorter than DNA molecules
  • contains uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine
  • uracil is complementary to adenine
37
Q

what is the function of RNA

A

site for protein synthesis

38
Q

location of RNA

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
39
Q

messenger RNA ( mRNA )

A

-formed in nucleus but then enters the cytoplasm where it attaches to ribosomes

-a straight polynucleotide strand which carries information about the amino acid sequence of a protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where the proteins will be formed

40
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

-found freely on the cytoplasm of the cell
-picks up amino acids in cytoplasms and brings them to the ribosomes where they join to form a protein

41
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

-found in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell
-site for protein synthesis

life science (5 decks)

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