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concepts of inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromatin

A

long tangled thread like structure in the nucleus of an inactive cell made up of DNA

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

a chromosome that is a thread like structure made up of DNA that carries hereditary information in the form of genes

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3
Q

genes

A

a segment of DNA or chromosome that code for a particular characteristics

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4
Q

alleles

A

two or more versions or forms of a gene which are located at the same position or genetic locus on a chromosome

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5
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that masks or suppresses the expression of the allele partner on the chromosome pair and the dominant characteristic is seen in the homozygous and heterozygous state

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6
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that is suppressed when the allele partner is dominant. the recessive trait will only be seen if both alleles for the trait are homozygous recessive

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7
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristics or traits of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment (the physical expression of one or more genes)

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8
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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9
Q

heterozygous

A

when two alleles that control a single trait on the same locus are different

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10
Q

homozygous

A

when two alleles that control a single trait on the same locus are identical

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11
Q

complete dominance

A

one allele that is dominant and the other is recessive such that the effects of the recessive allele is masked by the dominant allele in the heterozygous condition

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12
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither one of the two alleles of a gene is dominant over the other resulting in an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous condition

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13
Q

co - dominance

A

both alleles of a gene are equally dominant whereby both alleles express themselves in the phenotype in the heterozygous condition

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14
Q

why is Gregor Mendel ( an Austrian priest monk ) the father of genetics

A

he is regarded as the father of genetics for his work on the garden pea plant that helped explain how genes are passed down from parent to child (how variation arises from the same species)

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15
Q

2 reasons why Gregor Mendel chose to work with pea plants

A
  • he knew he would control their reproduction, by artificially cross-pollinating them, by transferring pollen by hand from one plant to another
  • pea plants were easily grown in large numbers .(the more plants he used ,the more accurate his results will be)
  • only carried out his experiments on pure breeding plants
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16
Q

traits compared by Mendel

A
  • seed shape and color
  • pod shape and color
  • flower position and color
  • size
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17
Q

genetic diagram labels in order

A

(p1) parental generation
phenotype (all are tall )
genotype(Tt)
meiosis
gametes
fertilization
(F1) first filial generation
genotype(Tt)
phenotype(all are tall)

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18
Q

Mendel’s first law of inheritance (law \principle of segregation)

A
  • an organism possesses two factors which separate or segregate so that each gamete contains only one of these factors (alleles)
  • when gametes form during meiosis ,the two factors (ALLELES) are separated or segregated .A gamete contains one of the two factors (ALLELES ) from each parent
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19
Q

law/principle of independent assortment ( Mendel’s 3rd law of inheritance)

A
  • the various factors (ALLELES) controlling the different characteristics are separate entities ,not influencing each other in any way ,and sorting themselves out independently during gamete formation
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19
Q

law of dominance ( Mendel’s 2nd law of inheritance)

A
  • when two homozygous organisms with contrasting characteristics are crossed , all the individuals of the F1 generation will display the dominant trait
  • an individual that is heterozygous for a particular characteristic will have the dominant trait as the phenotype
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20
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

refers to genetic crosses that involve only a single characteristic or trait

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21
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are there in the human karyotype

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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22
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes in the human karyotype are autosomes and gonosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes
one pair of chromosomes are gonosomes

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23
Q

what do gonosomes determine

A

they determine whether an individual is female or male

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24
Q

what re the gonosomes and male and the gonosomes in female

A

gonosomes in male : XY
gonosomes in female : XX

25
Q

examples of sex linked disorders

A
  • muscle dystrophy
  • haemophilia
  • color blindness
26
Q

what are sex linked genes

A

the alleles of genes that are located on the sex chromosomes

27
Q

what sex linked genetic disorders are carried only by the x chromosome only

A

color blindness and haemophilia

28
Q

additional information about sex linked disorders

A
  • the Y chromosome is small and there is no allele on it , making men more vulnerable to sex linked disorders
  • if there is a recessive disorder on the gonosomes males will still be affected and females will not be affected but they will only be “carrier “ of the disorders with chances of passing it to their child .
  • if there is a dominant disorder on the gonosomes males will still be affected since they have only one X chromosome and females will also be affected since the disorder is dominant
29
Q

what is color blindness and what is it caused by

A
  • the inability to distinguish between different colors
  • it is caused by the recessive allele on the X chromosome
29
Q

what is haemophilia and what is it caused by

A
  • the inability of the blood to clot due to the lack of a blood clotting factor
  • it is caused by the recessive allele on the X chromosome
30
Q

what is blood grouping

A

it is an example of a characteristic that is controlled by more than two alleles.
different blood groups are a result of multiple alleles
blood grouping can be used in paternity testing (DNA profiling )

31
Q

what are multiple alleles

A

alleles of a gene that occur in three or more forms

32
Q

blood groups in humans

A

A = IA IA or IA IO
B = IB IB or IB IO
AB = IA IB
O = IO IO or ii

33
Q

dihybrid crosses

A
  • a genetic cross that involves the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characteristics ( alleles of two different genes )
  • the alleles of the genes that determine these contrasting characteristics are located at two different loci ( positions) on the chromosomes
  • if the loci are on the same chromosomes ,the genes are called linked genes
  • if the loci are on different chromosomes they are called unlinked genes
34
Q

pedigree diagrams

A

traces the inheritance of characteristics over many generations

35
Q

mutations

A

a permanent change in the DNA of a cell

36
Q

types of mutations

A
  • harmful mutations
  • useful mutations
  • harmless mutations
37
Q

example of harmful mutations

A

albinism
down syndrome
cystic fibrosis
hemophilia
turner syndrome

38
Q

harmful mutations

A
  • changes the DNA responsible for the production of a specific protein
  • this would cause changes to the organisms physical appearance or functioning’s due to an incorrect defective protein being made
    -may cause a genetic disorder
39
Q

what decreases the spread of harmful mutations

A

the process of natural selection

40
Q

examples of harmless mutations

A

blond hair
baldness
blue eyes

41
Q

harmless mutations

A
  • involve changes to the non coding DNA
  • this DNA is not involved in making proteins and does not affect the structure or functioning’s of the cell
  • the chance of survival is not increased or decreased
42
Q

useful mutations

A
  • changes the DNA responsible for the production of a specific proteins
  • if the protein increases the organisms chance of survival it is a useful mutations
  • if the gene is passed on , it will lead to genetic variation that is advantageous to the individual
43
Q

examples of useful mutations

A

lactose tolerant
natural immunity to HIV|AIDS

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life science (5 decks)

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