DNA Technology Test # 1 Flashcards
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
Source: found in bacteria in the wild
Sticky Ends
Staggered single-stranded end piece extending from cut DNA.
They reseal or connect to any piece of DNA that has the letter to the complementary code.
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by joining pieces from different sources (foreign).
DNA joins by matching sticky ends
Gel Electrophoresis
Technique which uses electrical current to separate molecules (Chromatography for dye/filter)
How Gel Electrophoresis works:
including the gel
The agarose gel acts as a filter.
The small molecules move further and faster.
Molecules are pulled by electricity
Since DNA had a negative charge it is pulled to the positive charge.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A method of copying large quantities of a particular piece of DNA
Three steps in PCR
Heating: to unzip the DNA
Cooling: adds primer/ helps
Replication of DNA: copy template; uses an unusual DNA polymerase
When is PCR used?
When there is a small amount of evidence at a crime scene so you have to make copies
DNA Fingerprinting (DNA Profiling)
Using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA
7 Steps to DNA Profiling
- Collect sample
- Extract and purify DNA
- Cut DNA into fragments using restriction Enzymes
- Sort fragments by length using gel electrophoresis
- Split and transfer DNA
- Attach radioactive probes
- Make a print and analyze it using a southern blot
Uses of DNA profiling
Identify bodies( missing people)
Identify family members
CSI stuff
Diagnose diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s
Probe
Single stranded radioactive labeled nucleic acid segments used to identify gene of interest.
Genetic markers
Human Genome Project
International project to find all gene codes in a human
History of the Human Genome Project
Started in 1990
First head: James Watson
Final head: Dr. Collins- discovered cystic fibrosis gene
Competition: Craig Venter (CELERA. fast in greek)
What was learned from the Human Genome project
Provide genetic markers: (diseases) may not have known exact gene codes for disease but group of letters that travel within it are markers. Pattern thats always there for the disease gene.
Provide evidence for: Evolution (98%) genes identical to chimpanzees, we may have shared an ancestor with them.
Helped us learn about extra DNA functions, turning genes off
Telomeres: protective ends
Gene Insertion (gene cloning)
Process where DNA from foreign source is inserted into another organism
Transgenic (GMO: genetically modified organisms)
An organism containing a foreign gene
Vector
A substance used to insert a gene into a new cell
Examples of vectors
Liposomes: balls of lipids. will not work on plants because they have a cell wall
Virus: naturally insert their DNA wen they infect their host. Take out bad genes and put in good genes to put into person
Plasmid: circular DNA in bacteria. Only use if inserting gene into a bacteria
Genetic Engineering
The alterations of DNA through uses of enzymes and vectors
Steps to make transgenic bacteria
Find the gene: use probe
Cut out gene of interest: use restriction enzymes
Cut a plasmid with the SAME enzyme
Create recombinant DNA by having sticky ends fuse on gene and vector
Vector (plasmid) inserts gene into the host, which will make the protein of interest
Examples of proteins engineered
Blue genes put in cellulase to soften genes
Protein genetically engineered to cause ice
To form factor VIII- people with hemophilia do not produce
Steps to make transgenic plants
Same steps as bacteria but use agro bacterium plasmids as vector
Uses of making transgenic plants
Anti-bug: taste bad to bugs
Golden rice: carotin from carrots, for poor countries so they can get nutrients and minerals
Anti-frost for tomatoes
