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Biology > DNA Technology Test # 1 > Flashcards

DNA Technology Test # 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences

Source: found in bacteria in the wild

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2
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Staggered single-stranded end piece extending from cut DNA.

They reseal or connect to any piece of DNA that has the letter to the complementary code.

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3
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by joining pieces from different sources (foreign).
DNA joins by matching sticky ends

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4
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique which uses electrical current to separate molecules (Chromatography for dye/filter)

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5
Q

How Gel Electrophoresis works:

including the gel

A

The agarose gel acts as a filter.
The small molecules move further and faster.
Molecules are pulled by electricity
Since DNA had a negative charge it is pulled to the positive charge.

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6
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

A method of copying large quantities of a particular piece of DNA

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7
Q

Three steps in PCR

A

Heating: to unzip the DNA
Cooling: adds primer/ helps
Replication of DNA: copy template; uses an unusual DNA polymerase

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8
Q

When is PCR used?

A

When there is a small amount of evidence at a crime scene so you have to make copies

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9
Q

DNA Fingerprinting (DNA Profiling)

A

Using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA

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10
Q

7 Steps to DNA Profiling

A
  1. Collect sample
  2. Extract and purify DNA
  3. Cut DNA into fragments using restriction Enzymes
  4. Sort fragments by length using gel electrophoresis
  5. Split and transfer DNA
  6. Attach radioactive probes
  7. Make a print and analyze it using a southern blot
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11
Q

Uses of DNA profiling

A

Identify bodies( missing people)
Identify family members
CSI stuff
Diagnose diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s

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12
Q

Probe

A

Single stranded radioactive labeled nucleic acid segments used to identify gene of interest.
Genetic markers

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13
Q

Human Genome Project

A

International project to find all gene codes in a human

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14
Q

History of the Human Genome Project

A

Started in 1990
First head: James Watson
Final head: Dr. Collins- discovered cystic fibrosis gene
Competition: Craig Venter (CELERA. fast in greek)

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15
Q

What was learned from the Human Genome project

A

Provide genetic markers: (diseases) may not have known exact gene codes for disease but group of letters that travel within it are markers. Pattern thats always there for the disease gene.
Provide evidence for: Evolution (98%) genes identical to chimpanzees, we may have shared an ancestor with them.
Helped us learn about extra DNA functions, turning genes off
Telomeres: protective ends

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16
Q

Gene Insertion (gene cloning)

A

Process where DNA from foreign source is inserted into another organism

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17
Q

Transgenic (GMO: genetically modified organisms)

A

An organism containing a foreign gene

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18
Q

Vector

A

A substance used to insert a gene into a new cell

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19
Q

Examples of vectors

A

Liposomes: balls of lipids. will not work on plants because they have a cell wall
Virus: naturally insert their DNA wen they infect their host. Take out bad genes and put in good genes to put into person
Plasmid: circular DNA in bacteria. Only use if inserting gene into a bacteria

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20
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

The alterations of DNA through uses of enzymes and vectors

21
Q

Steps to make transgenic bacteria

A

Find the gene: use probe
Cut out gene of interest: use restriction enzymes
Cut a plasmid with the SAME enzyme
Create recombinant DNA by having sticky ends fuse on gene and vector
Vector (plasmid) inserts gene into the host, which will make the protein of interest

22
Q

Examples of proteins engineered

A

Blue genes put in cellulase to soften genes
Protein genetically engineered to cause ice
To form factor VIII- people with hemophilia do not produce

23
Q

Steps to make transgenic plants

A

Same steps as bacteria but use agro bacterium plasmids as vector

24
Q

Uses of making transgenic plants

A

Anti-bug: taste bad to bugs
Golden rice: carotin from carrots, for poor countries so they can get nutrients and minerals
Anti-frost for tomatoes

25
Q

Ethics of genetic engineering

A

Supporters say it will lower cost to grow crops
increase yields of crops
decrease the need for chemicals
help feed a hungry world

26
Q

Concerns about genetic engineering

A

Not enough studies to prove that it is safe
Not enough studies indicate it will not harm natural species
Fear impact on other plants; control of crops by large corporation
Fear it will impact biodiversity, night mix new gene creating superweed

27
Q

How to make GMO Animals

A
  1. Gene of choice is manipulated and prepared in the lab
  2. Transgene is injected into the egg of an animal
  3. Egg is implanted into a surrogate
28
Q

How are GMO animals better

A

Bigger salmon- eel and trout gene
More wool for sheep
Cows with more milk and lean meat

29
Q

GMO animals for medical reasons

A

Genetically modified pigs to have human tags for the liver

proteins: insulin factor VIII

30
Q

Other applications of GMO

A

Goat with spider silk biosteel

Warning system- fish flow when toxin in water. Know if cancer protein is turned on in pigs

31
Q

Gene Therapy

A

The insertion of genes into humans to correct illnesses

32
Q

Steps of gene therapy

A
  1. Cells are removed from patient
  2. Virus altered so it cannot reproduce
  3. An isolated and cut gene of interest
  4. Altered virus is mixed with cells from the patient
33
Q

Test Tube Babies =IVF or…

A

In vitro fertilization

34
Q

Steps of IVF

A
  1. Give woman hormones to produce more eggs
  2. Collect eggs and sperm combine in dish
  3. Zygote grows in a blastocyst which is inserted into the uterus of the mother of a surrogate mother
35
Q

Steps to Microsort

A
  1. Dye sperm sex chromosomes
  2. X chromosome hold more dye and becomes charged
  3. Separate sperm by their charge
36
Q

Reason for microsort

A 
Genetic diseases ( hemophilia x, disease on Y)
Pick gender of child, family balancing
37
Q

PGD=preimplantation genetic diagnosis steps

A

Collect eggs and put in a dish with sperm
Watch the embryo
Take one cell and look at the cell under a microscope
Genetic tests and karyotype

38
Q

Reason for PGD

A

Check for diseases

Can determine gender

39
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which the less specialized cells ( cell with ALL its DNA on) becomes a more specialized cell type (SOME DNA is turned on

40
Q

Cloning ( Somatic nuclear transfusion)

A

The production of identical cells without fertilization

41
Q

Steps to cloning

A
  1. Obtain an egg and remove the nucleus
  2. Obtain somatic nucleus an insert into the empty egg
  3. reprogram DNA using electricity and chemicals ( so it can be unspecialized)
  4. Insert embryo into uterus maybe a surrogate mother
42
Q

Reasons for cloning including human cloning

A

To create new life
Save endangered species
GMO’s for more milk
make stem cells for therapeutic cloning

43
Q

Reasons not to clone human baby

A

religious rights: right of a clone
Scientific: high risk of early death
Abnormal gene expression
Multiple Identical copies hurt survival because cancer gene can be turned on

44
Q

Stem cells

A

Pluripotent cells.

Can potentially become any type of cell

45
Q

Uses of stem cells

A

Replace dead or sick cells in diseases such as paralysis, brain disorders ( parkinson’s disease), repair damaged organ
Study how cells specialize- gain a set function

46
Q

Multipotent- adult stem cells. Examples:

A

not fully potent
Bone marrow: can form any type of blood cell as well as some cartilage and bone. red blood cell, fat, nerve, white blood cell
Umbilical cord cells: can make any type of blood cell

47
Q

Source of pluripotent stem cells, slightly specialized
Embryonic
Therapeutic cloning

A

Must be donated by family

Put an adult nucleus in egg and let develop for 3-4 days remove stem cells before it dies

48
Q

iPS- Induced pluripotent Stem cells

A

Stem cells are created by genetically engineering normal somatic with specialized regulatory genes.
Reprogram a somatic cell nucleus back to being pluripotent stem cell

Biology (5 decks)

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