DNA Structure, Mutation and Inheritance 2.5, 2.12, 2.13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It’s a store of genetic information containing all the instructions an organism needs to grow and develop

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2
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Transfer genetic information from DNA to ribsosomes

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3
Q

What organelle is made from RNA and proteins?

A

Ribsosomes

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4
Q

Describe a mononucleotide

A

A pentose sugar (5 carbon) attached to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

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5
Q

Define DNA/RNA

A

Polynucleotides composed of mono nucleotides linked by condensation reaction

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

Double helix with two polynucleotide chains consisting of a sugar phosphate backbone held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

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7
Q

What is a polynucleotide

A

A polymer of mononucleotides

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8
Q

How are mononucleotides joined - what is the byproduct?

A

Condensation reaction between the phosphate of one mononucleotide and the sugar group of another
Water is a byproduct

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T bases

A

A and T = 2 hydrogen bonds

C and G = 3 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change to the base sequence of DNA that can be causes by errors during DNA replication

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11
Q

Name the 5 types of mutation

A
Substitution 
Deletion
Insertion
Duplication 
Inversion (sequence of bases is inverted)
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12
Q

How can a mutation affect a protein?

A

The order of DNA bases determines the order of amino acids which makes up the primary structure of a protein and thus therefore could be altered, changing the final 3D shape of the protein

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13
Q

How many possible mutations are thought to cause CF?

A

Over 1000

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14
Q

Define a ‘gene’

A

A sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a protein

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15
Q

Define ‘allele’

A

A different version of a gene. Most plants and animals have two copies of a gene, one from each parent

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16
Q

Define ‘genotype’

A

The alleles a person has eg. BB Bb bb

17
Q

Define ‘phenotype’

A

The physical characteristics expressed by an organism eg. Brown eyes

18
Q

Define ‘dominant’

A

Allele which is displayed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present

19
Q

Define ‘recessive’

A

Allele whose characteristic is only displayed in the phenotype if two copies are present

20
Q

Define ‘incomplete dominance’

A

When the trait from the dominant allele isn’t completely shown over the trait from the recessive allele = both alleles influence the phenotype
eg. Snapdragons have alleles for red (RR), white (rr) and pink (Rr)

21
Q

Define ‘homozygote’

A

An organism that carries two copies of the same allele for a certain characteristic eg. BB or bb

22
Q

Define ‘heterozygote’

A

An organism that carries two different alleles for a certain characteristic eg. Bb

23
Q

Define a ‘carrier’

A

If a recessive allele causes disease, a carrier is someone that has one recessive and one dominant allele (heterozygous)

24
Q

What is mono hybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of a single characteristic controlled by different alleles

25
Q

What is a genetic pedigree diagram?

A

Show an inherited trait in a group of related individuals

26
Q

When will a person have CF?

A

If they’re homozygous recessive for the cf allele

27
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

A mutation in the gene that codes for the CFTR protein (a channel protein)

28
Q

What does the CFTR channel protein do?

A

Transpires chloride ions out of cells and into mucus causing water to move in by osmosis making the mucus watery

29
Q

What happens to the mucus if there is a mutation in the CFTR channel protein?

A

Makes it less efficient at transporting chloride ions out of the cell so less water moves out by osmosis causing it to be sticky and thick