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Biology January Mock > Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors 1.5-1.11, 1.15-1.16 and 1.18 > Flashcards

Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors 1.5-1.11, 1.15-1.16 and 1.18 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does cardiovascular disease start?

A

With atheroma formation

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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries caused by atheromas

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3
Q

Describe the events leading to atherosclerosis:

A
  • The endothelium wall of an artery is damaged
  • Inflammatory response (where white blood cells move into the area)
  • White blood cells and lipids clump under endothelium to form fatty streaks
  • Over time a fibrous plaque is formed = ATHEROMA
  • Plaque partially blocks the lumen of the artery, restricting blood flow and casing blood pressure to increase
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4
Q

Describe how atheromas can increase the risk of thrombosis in arteries

A
  • Atheroma can rupture the endothelium of an artery, damaging it and leaving a rough surface
  • Triggers thrombosis and blood clot forms at site
  • Blood clot can block artery or dislodge and block a blood vessel elsewhere
  • Blood flow to the tissues is severely restricted so less oxygen = damage
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5
Q

Name three forms of CVD that can be caused by blood clots

A

1) Heart Attack
2) Stroke
3) Deep Vein Thrombosis

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6
Q

Describe the blood clotting process:

A
  • Thromboplastin (protein) is released from the damaged blood vessel
  • Triggers, along with calcium ions, the conversion of prothrombin (soluble protein) to thrombin (enzyme)
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble protein) to fibrin (solid insoluble fibres)
  • Fibrin fibres form a mesh where platelets and red blood cells get trapped = blood clot
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7
Q

Name the factors that increase the risk of CVD (DISHGAG)

A 
Diet 
Inactivity
Smoking
High blood pressure
Gender
Age
Genetics
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8
Q

Explain how diet increases risk of CVD

A

1) High in saturated fat = more cholesterol = increased atheroma formation = increased chance of blood clots
2) High in salt = high blood pressure

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9
Q

Explain how high blood pressure increases risk of CVD

A

Increases risk of damage to endothelium in arteries = risk of atheroma = risk of blood clot = CVD

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10
Q

Explain how smoking increases risk of CVD (3)

A

1) Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin = reduces amount of oxygen transported in blood = tissues starved of oxygen = heart attack/stroke of heart/brain tissue doesn’t get oxygen
2) Nicotine makes platelets sticky = more chance of clots = CVD
3) Decreases amount of antioxidants (protect cells from damage) in blood so more cell damage in artery walls = more likely to be atheroma

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11
Q

Explain how inactivity increases risk of CVD

A

Increases blood pressure

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12
Q

Explain how genetics increases risk of CVD

A

Inheritance of alleles that are more likely to give a person high blood pressure or high cholesterol

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13
Q

Explain how age increases risk of CVD

A

Plaque builds up over time

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14
Q

Explain how gender increases risk of CVD

A

Men are 3x more likely to suffer CVD

Due to lack of oestrogen = higher levels of cholesterol in blood

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15
Q

Define risk

A

The chance of something unfavourable happening

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16
Q

Why do people overestimate risk?

A
  • Rare
  • Consequence is large
  • Exposure to negative information
17
Q

Why do people underestimate risk?

A
  • Unaware of consequences
  • Common
    Consequences aren’t severe
18
Q

What is the purpose of antihypertensives? + example

A

To reduce blood pressure

eg. Beta-blockers (reduce strength of heartbeat)
eg. vasodilators ( widen blood vessels)
eg. diuretics (reduces blood volume)

19
Q

What are benefits/risks of antihypertensives?

A

Benefits = work in different ways so can be combined AND blood pressure easily monitored at home

Risks = palpitations, fainting, headaches and drowsiness

20
Q

What is the purpose of statins?

A

To reduce blood cholesterol by reducing amount of LDL cholesterol produced in liver

21
Q

What are the benefits/risks of statins?

A

Benefits = reduce risk

Risks = muscle/joint pain, digestive system problems anger increased risk of diabetes

22
Q

What is the purpose of anticoagulants?

A

To reduce blood clotting

Eg. Warfarin

23
Q

What are the benefits and risks of anticoagulants?

A

Benefits = prevent any existing clots from growing and prevent new clots altogether

Risks = causes excessive bleeding (fainting/death), allergic reactions, swelling of tissues

24
Q

What is the purpose of platelet inhibitory drugs?

A

Type of anticoagulant that prevent platelets clumping together to form a blood clot

25
Q

What are the benefits and risks of platelet inhibitory drugs?

A

Benefits = can be used on people with pre-existing clots

Risks = Nausea, diarrhoea, excessive bleeding

26
Q

Define energy budget

A

The amount of energy taken in by an organism (in food) and the amount of energy used up by an organism (movement)

27
Q

Describe weight gain

A

Energy input is greater than energy output = excess energy turned to fat reserves by body so weight is gained
Over sustained period of time this can cause obesity

28
Q

Describe weight loss

A

Energy intake is less than energy output = body uses energy reserves so person will lose weight
Over sustained periods of time this can cause someone becoming underweight

29
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of calories for men and women?

A 
2000 = women 
2500 = men
30
Q

Calculation for energy budget

A

Energy input - energy output

31
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol

A

Lipid

32
Q

What is a lipoprotein

A

A substance made from a protein and lipid that is used to transport cholesterol around the body

33
Q

Describe high density lipoproteins

A

Mainly protein
Transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver where it’s recycled
Function is to reduced total blood cholesterol when level is too high

34
Q

Describe low density lipoproteins

A

Mainly lipid
Transport cholesterol from liver to the blood, circulating until needed
Function is to increase total blood cholesterol when level is too low

35
Q

Give the formula for waist-to-hip ratio

A

Waist (cm)/hips(cm)

36
Q

Give the formula for BMI

A

Body mass (kg)/height2 (m2)

Biology January Mock (12 decks)

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