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biology > dna structure, dna replication, cell cycle, mutation, rna, protein synthesis and biotechnology > Flashcards

dna structure, dna replication, cell cycle, mutation, rna, protein synthesis and biotechnology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what biomolecule (macromolecule) is dna

A

linear molecule

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2
Q

what are the building blocks (monomer) of dna

A
  • adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine
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3
Q

term given for shape of dna

A

double helix

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4
Q

who is credited for discovering the shape of the double helix

A

watson and crick

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5
Q

3 components of a nucleotide

A

sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

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6
Q

what parts of the nucleotide make up the backbone of the dna molecule

A

sugar and phosphate group

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7
Q

what part of the nucleotide makes up the rungs of the DNA molecule

A

nitrogen bases

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8
Q

who determined purines = pryimindines

A

fishcer

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9
Q

why do we say two strands of DNA rn anti parallel

A

they go in opposite directions

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10
Q

order of ____ determines organism’s genetic code

A

nitrogen bases

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11
Q

what is the main purpose for dna replication

A

ensure that each daughter cell gets exact copy

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12
Q

what enzyme is responsible for unzipping the dna molecule

A

helicase by unwinding

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13
Q

what makes short segments of RNA so that DNA polymerase can attach

A

primase

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14
Q

role of dna polymerase in dna replication

A

joins nucleotides to produce new strand checks base pairs and fixes mistakes

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15
Q

role of dna ligase

A

joins in breaks of backbone

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16
Q

how is dna different on each strand (leading vs lagging)

A

only be copeid in 5’3

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17
Q

how is dna semi conservative

A

one strand is new one is old

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18
Q

what is end result of dna replication

A

new copy of dna molecule

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19
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

indentical chromosomes

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20
Q

how are sister chromatids attached

A

centrosome in the middle

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21
Q

what part of the cells life is the cell carrying of out growth and development and preparing for division

A

interphase

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22
Q

what part of the cells life is the nucleus of the cell undergoing divison

A

mitosis

23
Q

what part of the cells life is the cytoplasm of the cell undergoing divison

A

cytokenesis

24
Q

spindle fibers align the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

25
Q

dna condenses into chromosomes and the nucleus breaks down

A

prophase

26
Q

final prep for for cell divsion

A

interphase- G2

27
Q

chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and nucleus reforms

A

telophase

28
Q

cell is undergoing normal growth and development

A

interphase- G1

29
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

30
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart

A

anaphase

31
Q

cell repairing for division dna replicates

A

interphase- s phase

32
Q

order of mitosis phases

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase telephase

33
Q

order of interphase phases

A

G1, S , G2 and then start of mitosis

34
Q

what is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis

A

2 new indentical cells

35
Q

diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes

36
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes in gene

37
Q

what causes mutations

A

errors in DNA repliction

38
Q

point mutation

A

change in single nucleotide

39
Q

frameshift mutation

A

additon of deletion

40
Q

how is it possible that a mutation may have no effect

A

could happen in part of dna that has no function or streach of dna

41
Q

when is mutation passed to offspring

A

if parent gene has mutation in egg or spurm

42
Q

what does mrna do

A

tells your body how to make proteins

43
Q

trna-

A

adaptor molecules that translate genetic information into protein sequence

44
Q

two processes involved in protein synthesis

A

translation and transcription

45
Q

translation-

A

the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bond

46
Q

transcription-

A

the process by which the genetic information contained within DNA is re-written into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase

47
Q

funct of rna polymerase

A

copying dna sequene to rna sequence

48
Q

what type of sugar is found in a nucleotide

A

monosaccharide

49
Q

role of dna helicase

A

break hydrogen bonds

50
Q

where is dna stored

A

nucleus/nucleoid region

51
Q

introns

A

introns are segments of Mrna transcript that are removed

52
Q

exons

A

introns are segments of Mrna transcript that are added

53
Q

transcription occurs in the

A

nucleus

54
Q

translation occurs in the

A

ribosome

biology (9 decks)

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