dna structure, dna replication, cell cycle, mutation, rna, protein synthesis and biotechnology Flashcards
what biomolecule (macromolecule) is dna
linear molecule
what are the building blocks (monomer) of dna
- adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine
term given for shape of dna
double helix
who is credited for discovering the shape of the double helix
watson and crick
3 components of a nucleotide
sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base
what parts of the nucleotide make up the backbone of the dna molecule
sugar and phosphate group
what part of the nucleotide makes up the rungs of the DNA molecule
nitrogen bases
who determined purines = pryimindines
fishcer
why do we say two strands of DNA rn anti parallel
they go in opposite directions
order of ____ determines organism’s genetic code
nitrogen bases
what is the main purpose for dna replication
ensure that each daughter cell gets exact copy
what enzyme is responsible for unzipping the dna molecule
helicase by unwinding
what makes short segments of RNA so that DNA polymerase can attach
primase
role of dna polymerase in dna replication
joins nucleotides to produce new strand checks base pairs and fixes mistakes
role of dna ligase
joins in breaks of backbone
how is dna different on each strand (leading vs lagging)
only be copeid in 5’3
how is dna semi conservative
one strand is new one is old
what is end result of dna replication
new copy of dna molecule
what are sister chromatids
indentical chromosomes
how are sister chromatids attached
centrosome in the middle
what part of the cells life is the cell carrying of out growth and development and preparing for division
interphase
what part of the cells life is the nucleus of the cell undergoing divison
mitosis
what part of the cells life is the cytoplasm of the cell undergoing divison
cytokenesis
spindle fibers align the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
metaphase
dna condenses into chromosomes and the nucleus breaks down
prophase
final prep for for cell divsion
interphase- G2
chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and nucleus reforms
telophase
cell is undergoing normal growth and development
interphase- G1
division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
sister chromatids are pulled apart
anaphase
cell repairing for division dna replicates
interphase- s phase
order of mitosis phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase telephase
order of interphase phases
G1, S , G2 and then start of mitosis
what is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis
2 new indentical cells
diploid
two complete sets of chromosomes
what are mutations?
changes in gene
what causes mutations
errors in DNA repliction
point mutation
change in single nucleotide
frameshift mutation
additon of deletion
how is it possible that a mutation may have no effect
could happen in part of dna that has no function or streach of dna
when is mutation passed to offspring
if parent gene has mutation in egg or spurm
what does mrna do
tells your body how to make proteins
trna-
adaptor molecules that translate genetic information into protein sequence
two processes involved in protein synthesis
translation and transcription
translation-
the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bond
transcription-
the process by which the genetic information contained within DNA is re-written into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase
funct of rna polymerase
copying dna sequene to rna sequence
what type of sugar is found in a nucleotide
monosaccharide
role of dna helicase
break hydrogen bonds
where is dna stored
nucleus/nucleoid region
introns
introns are segments of Mrna transcript that are removed
exons
introns are segments of Mrna transcript that are added
transcription occurs in the
nucleus
translation occurs in the
ribosome
