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Genetics Chapter 1: DNA Structure and Function > DNA Structure > Flashcards

DNA Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

About _____% of the human body’s DNA is in the _____.

A
  1. 99

2. nucleus

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2
Q

99% of DNA is termed _____ DNA.

A

nuclear

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3
Q

_____ DNA is 1% of the human body’s DNA.

A
  1. Mitochondrial
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4
Q

The basic structure of DNA is a set of _____ (#) nucleic _____.

A
  1. 4

2. acids

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5
Q

Nucleic acids are _____-containing compounds made from the individual _____ acids derived from the _____ we eat.

A
  1. nitrogen
  2. amino
  3. proteins
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6
Q

The basic structure elements of DNA are called _____.

A

bases

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7
Q

List the four bases of DNA:

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Guanine
  4. Thymine
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8
Q

Thymine and cytosine are _____-ring(ed) structures known as _____.

A
  1. single

2. pyramidines

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9
Q

Adenine and guanine are _____-ring(ed) structures known as _____.

A
  1. double

2. purines

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10
Q

List the two purines:

A
  1. adenine

2. guanine

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11
Q

List the two pyramidines:

A
  1. thymine

2. cytosine

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12
Q

Purines are _____-ring(ed).

A

double

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13
Q

Pyramidines are _____-ring(ed).

A

single

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14
Q

True or false: all four bases are present in any type of DNA, whether from humans and other mammals, plants, bacteria, or viruses.

A

True

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15
Q

Each base becomes a _____ when a _____-sided sugar (known as a _____ sugar) is attached to it.

A
  1. nucleoside
  2. five
  3. deoxyribose
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16
Q

Each _____ becomes a complete nucleotide when _____ groups are attached.

A
  1. nucleoside

2. phosphate

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17
Q

The _____ is the final form of a base that is placed into the DNA strand.

A

nucleotide

18
Q

Nucleotides within each strand are held in position by the linked _____ groups, which act like the string holding beads together to form a necklace.

A

phosphate

19
Q

_____ _____ are the complementary bases in the two opposite strands of DNA.

A
  1. Base

2. pairs

20
Q

These DNA strands must remain perfectly _____ to each other, and the pairings of the _____ make this happen.

A
  1. parallel

2. nucleotides

21
Q

A _____ with a single-ring structure always pairs up with a _____ that has a double-ring structure to maintain the proper distance down the _____ length of DNA.

A
  1. pyramidine
  2. purine
  3. total
22
Q

A purine _____ pairs with a pyramidine, and are _____ specific bases forming _____ pairs.

A
  1. always
  2. always
  3. complementary
23
Q

What always pairs with adenine?

A

thymine

24
Q

What always pairs with cytosine?

A

guanine

25
Q

What always pairs with thymine?

A

adenine

26
Q

What always pairs with guanine?

A

cytosine

27
Q

Within a base pair, the _____ bonds form between the two nucleotides.

A

hydrogen

28
Q

Adenine and thymine each have a site for _____ (#) hydrogen bonds to form.

A

two

29
Q

Cytosine and guanine each have _____ (#) sites for hydrogen bonds to form.

A

three

30
Q

Although purines must always pair with pyramidines, they can pair only with the base that can form the _____ number of _____ bonds.

A
  1. same

2. hydrogen

31
Q

Which bases have two hydrogen bonds?

A

adenine and thymine

32
Q

Which bases have three hydrogen bonds?

A

cytosine and guanine

33
Q

DNA in humans and other mammals is a linear, _____-stranded (_____DNA) structure with the nucleotides of each strand connected together by the _____ groups as the backbone of the strand.

A
  1. double
  2. ds
  3. phosphate
34
Q

The dsDNA are held together _____ by _____ bonds.

A
  1. loosely

2. hydrogen

35
Q

The long steel rails of the railroad track (DNA structure) are the _____ backbones, and the _____ of the nucleotides are each half of the individual railroad ties.

A
  1. phosphate

2. bases

36
Q

Most of the time, the two parallel strands of DNA are twisted into a loose _____ shape.

A

helical

37
Q

The DNA supercoils _____ into the chromosome shape only when a cell undergoes _____.

A
  1. tightly

2. mitosis

38
Q

When can DNA be seen under a standard microscope?

A

When a cell undergoes mitosis.

39
Q

There is much more DNA in each nucleus than is needed for the _____ (#) to _____ (#) genes.

A
  1. 20,000

2. 25,000

40
Q

The gene part of the DNA is only about _____% of all the total DNA in each cell’s nucleus.

A

5

Genetics Chapter 1: DNA Structure and Function (5 decks)

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