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Genetics > DNA, RNA, Protein > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Protein Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA location

A

nucleus - main
Mitochondria - some

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2
Q

Heritable material

A

DNA

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3
Q

Code of trait

A

Gene

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4
Q

Houses Genes

A

DNA

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5
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Used X-rays to image DNA with a coil pattern (Watson/Crick used her work to discover double helix structure)

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6
Q

DNA Structure

A

Sugar, Phosphate, nitrogenous base
(four bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine)

In a double helix

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7
Q

DNA replication

A

Each existing strand becomes a template strand for replication as DNA unwinds

New strand is made as a complement of template strand

Semiconservative replication
two daughter strands produced

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8
Q

4 requirements for DNA to be genetic material

A

1) Must carry genetic information
2) Must replicate
3) Must allow for information to change
4) Must govern the expression of the phenotype

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9
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Produces new strand of complimentary DNA

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10
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Fills in gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki fragments

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11
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds double helix

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12
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins

A

keeps helix open for replication

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13
Q

Primase

A

Creates RNA primers to initiate synthesis

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14
Q

Ligase

A

Welds Okazaki fragments together

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15
Q

Redundancy

A

Basis for repair of errors that occur during replication

Enzymes repair chemical damage to DNA

Errors during replication are rare (but can occur)

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16
Q

RNA structure

A

“Ribose nucleic acid”
Ribose sugar and uracil (different from DNA)
Single stranded
Doesn’t last as long as DNA

17
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein
(DNA->RNA = transcription)
(RNA->Protein = translation)

18
Q

Three different RNA molecules

A

Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)

19
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in nucleus
mRNA carries info for what protein to make from the DNA in nucleus to ribosome
DNA unwinds for RNA to be synthesized

Creates one strand of complementary mRNA from the DNA molecule

20
Q

RNA polyermase

A

attaches to promotor sequence in DNA and unzips the strand (for one mRNA to be formed)

21
Q

Introns

A

noncoding sequences that are removed from the mRNA

22
Q

Exons

A

Coding sequences that are left after the introns are removed to create the mRNA strand

23
Q

Modifications of RNA

A

1) 7-methyl guanosine cap (G-cap)
2) Polyadenalation (Poly-A tail)
3) Intron Splicing

24
Q

7-methyl guanosine cap

A

At the 5 prime end of RNA
Roles:
-Stability of mRNA
-Helps with attachment to ribosome
-Prevents degradation of mRNA

25
Q

Polyadenylation

A

“Poly-A tail”
Addition of adenosine to the 3 prime end of mRNA
Role:
-Stability of mRNA
-Helps with attachment to ribosome

26
Q

Intron Splicing

A

Removal of introns from mRNA
Role:
-Helps with nuclear export
-Helps mRNA to form different proteins by its removal
-Stability of mRNA

27
Q

Genetic Code

A

3 nucleotide bases form a codon which codes for an amino acid

Start codon- AUG (Met)
Stop codons - UAA, UGA, UAG

28
Q

20 amino acids

A

Are the building blocks that make up proteins

29
Q

Translation

A

synthesizing a protein from animo acids by reading nucleotide sequence on mRNA

Occurs in ribosome

30
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

needed for protein synthesis
helps mRNA bind to small subunit

31
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Brings specific codon to ribosome to code for a specific amino acid

recognizes the correct codon on mRNA molecule

32
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis
Consist of a large and small subunit
(mRNA binds to small subunit)

33
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the DNA sequence that may be passed along to future generations

34
Q

Point mutations

A

A single base unit substitution

EX: ATTCG (normal)
AATCG (mutation)

35
Q

Deletion

A

a small DNA segment is lost

36
Q

Insertion

A

a segment of DNA is added

37
Q

Frame-shift mutation

A

Modification of the reading frame after a deletion or insertion, resulting in all codons downstream to be different

Genetics (21 decks)

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