DNA, RNA, Protein

Question 1

DNA location

Answer 1

nucleus - main
Mitochondria - some

Question 2

Heritable material

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

Code of trait

Answer 3

Gene

Question 4

Houses Genes

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 5

Used X-rays to image DNA with a coil pattern (Watson/Crick used her work to discover double helix structure)

Question 6

DNA Structure

Answer 6

Sugar, Phosphate, nitrogenous base
(four bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine)

In a double helix

Question 7

DNA replication

Answer 7

Each existing strand becomes a template strand for replication as DNA unwinds

New strand is made as a complement of template strand

Semiconservative replication
two daughter strands produced

Question 8

4 requirements for DNA to be genetic material

Answer 8

1) Must carry genetic information
2) Must replicate
3) Must allow for information to change
4) Must govern the expression of the phenotype

Question 9

DNA polymerase III

Answer 9

Produces new strand of complimentary DNA

Question 10

DNA polymerase I

Answer 10

Fills in gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki fragments

Question 11

DNA helicase

Answer 11

unwinds double helix

Question 12

Single-stranded binding proteins

Answer 12

keeps helix open for replication

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

Creates RNA primers to initiate synthesis

Question 14

Ligase

Answer 14

Welds Okazaki fragments together

Question 15

Redundancy

Answer 15

Basis for repair of errors that occur during replication

Enzymes repair chemical damage to DNA

Errors during replication are rare (but can occur)

Question 16

RNA structure

Answer 16

“Ribose nucleic acid”
Ribose sugar and uracil (different from DNA)
Single stranded
Doesn’t last as long as DNA

Question 17

Central Dogma

Answer 17

DNA -> RNA -> Protein
(DNA->RNA = transcription)
(RNA->Protein = translation)

Question 18

Three different RNA molecules

Answer 18

Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)

Question 19

Transcription

Answer 19

Occurs in nucleus
mRNA carries info for what protein to make from the DNA in nucleus to ribosome
DNA unwinds for RNA to be synthesized

Creates one strand of complementary mRNA from the DNA molecule

Question 20

RNA polyermase

Answer 20

attaches to promotor sequence in DNA and unzips the strand (for one mRNA to be formed)

Question 21

Introns

Answer 21

noncoding sequences that are removed from the mRNA

Question 22

Exons

Answer 22

Coding sequences that are left after the introns are removed to create the mRNA strand

Question 23

Modifications of RNA

Answer 23

1) 7-methyl guanosine cap (G-cap)
2) Polyadenalation (Poly-A tail)
3) Intron Splicing

Question 24

7-methyl guanosine cap

Answer 24

At the 5 prime end of RNA
Roles:
-Stability of mRNA
-Helps with attachment to ribosome
-Prevents degradation of mRNA

Question 25

Polyadenylation

Answer 25

"Poly-A tail" Addition of adenosine to the 3 prime end of mRNA Role: -Stability of mRNA -Helps with attachment to ribosome

Question 26

Intron Splicing

Answer 26

Removal of introns from mRNA Role: -Helps with nuclear export -Helps mRNA to form different proteins by its removal -Stability of mRNA

Question 27

Genetic Code

Answer 27

3 nucleotide bases form a codon which codes for an amino acid Start codon- AUG (Met) Stop codons - UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 28

20 amino acids

Answer 28

Are the building blocks that make up proteins

Question 29

Translation

Answer 29

synthesizing a protein from animo acids by reading nucleotide sequence on mRNA Occurs in ribosome

Question 30

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 30

needed for protein synthesis helps mRNA bind to small subunit

Question 31

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 31

Brings specific codon to ribosome to code for a specific amino acid recognizes the correct codon on mRNA molecule

Question 32

Ribosome

Answer 32

Site of protein synthesis Consist of a large and small subunit (mRNA binds to small subunit)

Question 33

Mutations

Answer 33

Changes in the DNA sequence that may be passed along to future generations

Question 34

Point mutations

Answer 34

A single base unit substitution EX: ATTCG (normal) AATCG (mutation)

Question 35

Deletion

Answer 35

a small DNA segment is lost

Question 36

Insertion

Answer 36

a segment of DNA is added

Question 37

Frame-shift mutation

Answer 37

Modification of the reading frame after a deletion or insertion, resulting in all codons downstream to be different