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A-level Biology > DNA, RNA, ATP, Water and Inorganic ions > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, ATP, Water and Inorganic ions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA structure

A

double stranded, antiparallel, double helix, ladder, two polynucleotide chains

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2
Q

what are DNA monomers called

A

repeating units called nucleotides

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3
Q

what are nucleosides made up of

A

= deoxyribose + base

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4
Q

what bond joins deoxyribose and base

A

ß-N-glycosidic bond

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5
Q

what are DNA nucleotides made up of

A

=deoxyribose + base + phosphate

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6
Q

bond between deoxyribose and phosphate

A

covalent phosphodiester bond

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7
Q

what reaction joins nucleotides

A

condensation reaction

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8
Q

what are the bonds between the nitrogenous bases

A

3 hydrogen bonds between CG

2 hydrogen bonds between AT

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9
Q

which bases are purines and how many rings

A

2 rings

A and G

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10
Q

which bases are pyrimidines and how many rings

A

1 ring

C and T

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11
Q

which bases are complementary pairings

A

AT and CG

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12
Q

why do AT and CG pair together

A

so that the strands are three rings apart

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13
Q

what type of sugar is deoxyribose and why

A

pentose sugar

contains 5 carbons

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14
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

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15
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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16
Q

difference between RNA and DNA

A 
RNA
shorter
single stranded so no hydrogen bonds 
uracil replaces thymine in DNA 
contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
17
Q

functions of RNA

A

information carrying molecules for protein synthesis

transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

18
Q

what are RNA nucleotides made up of

A

= phosphate + ribose + base

19
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

20
Q

what is ATP made up of

A 
pentose sugar (ribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine)
three phosphate groups
21
Q

what does ATP do

A

release energy at required amounts

22
Q

equation for ATP

A

ATP + water = ADP + Pi (+ energy)

23
Q

what reaction breaks the bonds between phosphate groups and the catalyst

A

hydrolysis breaks the weak bonds

ATP hydrolase

24
Q

what can Pi be used for

A

phosphorylate other compounds making them more reactive

25
Q

which places have a high concentration of mitochondria

A

muscles for movement
liver
villi in small intestine (active transport)
roots (active transport)

26
Q

why do such places contain a higher concentration of mitochondria

A

produces ATP as they require more energy

27
Q

uses of energy for living organisms (6)

A 
metabolism 
movement 
repair and division of cells
active transport
production of enzymes and other substances
maintenance of constant body temperature
28
Q

uses of water (5)

A

metabolite in many metabolic reactions (condensation, hydrolysis)
solvent for metabolic reactions (aq medium)
e.g. gases, waste, enzymes, inorganic ions
able to buffer changes in temperature
supports columns of water in transport systems
surface tension when water meets air

29
Q

what are inorganic ions

A

do not contain hydrogen or carbon

are aq in the cytoplasm of cells and bodily fluids in varying concentrations

30
Q

uses of H+ ions

A

involved in pH which varies functions of enzymes

31
Q

uses of iron ions

A

found in haemoglobin of red blood cells to transport oxygen

32
Q

uses of sodium ions

A

co-transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membrane (carries them with it)

33
Q

uses of phosphate ions

A

components of DNA, ATP and cell membranes
structural role in DNA (part of phosphate-sugar backbone)
stores energy in ATP molecules

34
Q

why is DNA replication semi conservation

A

allows continuity of DNA to next generation of cells

35
Q

what does semi conservation of DNA mean

A

parent DNA molecule separates into two component strands to act as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand
forms two daughter molecules with half parent DNA half new DNA

36
Q

DNA replication steps (6)

A

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs
Forms two single strands which exposed bases act as a template for free nucleotides to form new complementary base pairings by hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction to form covalent bonds between phosphate and deoxyribose of every new nucleotide, forming the phosphate-sugar backbone
Process continues for entire molecule
A winding enzyme winds the strands up to form two new helices
Each DNA molecule contains one original and one synthesised strand

A-level Biology (14 decks)

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