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Env. Science (Sec.4) > DNA, RNA, and proteins > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and proteins Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. DNA contains instructions used for what?

2. DNA also stores information that tells cells what?

A
  1. In the development and functioning of all living things

2. Which proteins to make and when to make them

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2
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Two chains of nucleotides

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3
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar molecule, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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4
Q

Which of the nitrogen-containing bases are purines (larger ones) and which are pyrimidines (smaller ones)?

A

Purines: adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine

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5
Q
  1. Which of the nitrogen-containing bases pair together?
  2. What are they called?
  3. What are they joined by?
A
  1. Adenine-thymine. Cytosine-guanine
  2. Complementary base pairs
  3. Hydrogen bonds
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6
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

When a cell copies its DNA resulting in 2 exact copies of it before it divides

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7
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Which enzyme separates the 2 chains of DNA during replication of the DNA?

A

Helicase

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9
Q

What does the enzyme polymerase do during DNA replication?

A

Assembles new chains of DNA using nucleotides found in nucleus

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10
Q

Where do germ-cell mutations occur and what is their consequence?

A

They occur in the organism’s gametes and can be passed on to offspring, though they do no affect the organism

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11
Q

Where do somatic-cell mutations occur and what is their consequence?

A

Takes place in an organism’s body cells and affect the organism, but not the offspring since they cannot be inherited

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12
Q

What happens if there is a deletion mutation in the chromosome?

A

Piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost

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13
Q

What happens if there is a inversion mutation in the chromosome?

A

Piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches in reverse orientation

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14
Q

What happens if there is a translocation mutation in the chromosome?

A

Piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another non-homologous chromosome

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15
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Special chromosome mutation in which the pair of chromosomes fail to separate

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16
Q

What is the difference between normal separation and nondisjunction?

A

Normal separation: one chromosomes of the pair goes to each daughter cell
Nondisjunction: both chromosomes of the pair are sent to one daughter cell, the other cell gets none

17
Q

What parts of DNA does gene mutations involve?

A

Large segments or a single nucleotide within a codon may be involved

18
Q

What happens if there is a substitution mutation in a gene?

A

One nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide

19
Q

What does a substitution mutation in a gene result in?

A

In a new codon

20
Q

What happens if there is a deletion mutation in a gene?

A

One or more nucleotides is lost

21
Q

What happens if there is a insertion mutation in a gene?

A

One or more nucleotides are added to the gene

22
Q

What does a insertion mutation in a gene result in?

A

Frame shift mutation

23
Q

Proteins are made of ___ __ that participate in all cellular process.

A

Amino acids

24
Q

What is RNA responsible for?

A

Movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of proteins in the cytosol

25
Q

What are some differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA: ribose sugar molecule, uracil pairs with adenine, single-stranded
DNA: deoxyribose sugar molecule, thymine pairs with adenine, double-stranded

26
Q

What does messenger RNA do?

A

Carries genetic information from the DNA of the nucleus to the cytosol of the cell

27
Q

What does transfer RNA do?

A

Carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes where they are added to the growing protein chain

28
Q

What does ribosomal RNA do?

A

Make up ribosomes (where proteins are put together)

29
Q

What is transcription?

A

Process by which genetic inforfmation is copied from DNA to RNA

30
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Polypeptides, which consists of specific amino acid sequences linked by peptide bonds

31
Q

The sequence of proteins is determined by what?

A

mRNA

32
Q

DNA replication.
Where does it occur?
When?
What does it create?

A

Nucleus
Before cell division
2 identical daughter strands

33
Q

Transcription
Where does it occur?
What is it the first step in?
What does it create?

A

Nucleus
Protein formation
Single-stranded mRNA molecule

34
Q

Translation
Where does it occur?
What is it the second step in?
What does it create when using ribosomes and tRNA?

A

Cytoplasm
Forming proteins
Strand of amino acids that form a protein

35
Q
  1. What is a codon?

2. What does a codon code for?

A
  1. combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides

2. a specific amino acid

36
Q

What is complementary to, and pairs with, corresponding mRNA codon?

A

Anti-codon

37
Q

What are amino acids held together by?

A

Peptide bonds

38
Q

Ribosomes.

  1. What is it composed of?
  2. Where is it found?
  3. Why do ribosomes have 3 binding sites?
  4. Free ribosomes are used to make proteins for ____ a cell while attached ribosomes are used to make proteins ____ the cell.
A
  1. rRNA and proteins
  2. found free in cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
  3. 2 told the tRNA, 1 to hold the mRNA transcript
  4. inside - outside

Env. Science (Sec.4) (3 decks)

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