DNA, RNA, and proteins Flashcards
- DNA contains instructions used for what?
2. DNA also stores information that tells cells what?
- In the development and functioning of all living things
2. Which proteins to make and when to make them
What is DNA made up of?
Two chains of nucleotides
What are nucleotides composed of?
Deoxyribose sugar molecule, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Which of the nitrogen-containing bases are purines (larger ones) and which are pyrimidines (smaller ones)?
Purines: adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine
- Which of the nitrogen-containing bases pair together?
- What are they called?
- What are they joined by?
- Adenine-thymine. Cytosine-guanine
- Complementary base pairs
- Hydrogen bonds
What is DNA replication?
When a cell copies its DNA resulting in 2 exact copies of it before it divides
Where is DNA found?
Nucleus
Which enzyme separates the 2 chains of DNA during replication of the DNA?
Helicase
What does the enzyme polymerase do during DNA replication?
Assembles new chains of DNA using nucleotides found in nucleus
Where do germ-cell mutations occur and what is their consequence?
They occur in the organism’s gametes and can be passed on to offspring, though they do no affect the organism
Where do somatic-cell mutations occur and what is their consequence?
Takes place in an organism’s body cells and affect the organism, but not the offspring since they cannot be inherited
What happens if there is a deletion mutation in the chromosome?
Piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost
What happens if there is a inversion mutation in the chromosome?
Piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches in reverse orientation
What happens if there is a translocation mutation in the chromosome?
Piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another non-homologous chromosome
What is nondisjunction?
Special chromosome mutation in which the pair of chromosomes fail to separate
What is the difference between normal separation and nondisjunction?
Normal separation: one chromosomes of the pair goes to each daughter cell
Nondisjunction: both chromosomes of the pair are sent to one daughter cell, the other cell gets none
What parts of DNA does gene mutations involve?
Large segments or a single nucleotide within a codon may be involved
What happens if there is a substitution mutation in a gene?
One nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide
What does a substitution mutation in a gene result in?
In a new codon
What happens if there is a deletion mutation in a gene?
One or more nucleotides is lost
What happens if there is a insertion mutation in a gene?
One or more nucleotides are added to the gene
What does a insertion mutation in a gene result in?
Frame shift mutation
Proteins are made of ___ __ that participate in all cellular process.
Amino acids
What is RNA responsible for?
Movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of proteins in the cytosol
