DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
Is Eukaryotic DNA associated with proteins?
Yes
What are histones
The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic DNA
Where are chromosomes found?
In the nucleus.
Describe the appearance of Prokaryotic DNA.
Shorter, circular and not associated with proteins.
What is the role of histones?
Support the DNA.
What is done to eukaryotic DNA to make it fit inside a nucleus?
It is wound up are histones and coiled up tightly to make compact chromosomes.
Name the two organelles found in eukaryotes that have there own DNA.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (only plants)
How is prokaryotic DNA made to fit into a cell?
Circular chromosome coils and condenses by super coiling.
What is a gene?
A sequence of DNA bases that codes for either a particular polypeptide or functional RNA.
What makes up a polypeptide chain?
Amino Acids
The order of the bases of a gene determines the order to ______ _____ in a particular polypeptide.
Amino Acids
How many bases code for each amino acid?
3 (Triplet)
Name the three types of RNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Define Genome.
The complete set of genes in the cell.
Define Proteome
The full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce.
Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Where does translation take place?
Ribosome
What are introns?
Sections of a gene that don’t code for amino acids.
Sections that do code for amino acids are called?
Exons
How are introns removed?
Splicing
Does the sequence CCTTCCTTCCTT code for amino acids?
No, they are called ‘non-coding repeats’
What are genes that exist in different forms called?
Alleles
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have.
23 pairs (46 in total)
Alleles coding for the same characteristic will be found at the same fixed position called _______.
Locus
Name the RNA molecule that has a single polynucleotide chain and is made during transcription
mRNA
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to make proteins.
In mRNA, three adjacent bases are called what?
A codon (triplet or base triplets)
Name the RNA molecule that is folded into a clover shape and carries amino acids to the ribosome.
tRNA
What maintains tRNAs specific shape?
Hydrogen bonds maintain the clover shape.
What is the specific sequence of three bases found on the bottom of tRNA called?
The anticodon
Does prokaryotic transcription take place in its nucleus?
No (trick question!!!), it doesnt have a nucleus, it happens in the cytoplasm.
Name the enzyme which is involved in transcription.
RNA polymerase
At the start of transcription, what bonds break to separate the DNA strands?
Hydrogen bonds
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
Lines up free nucleotides and forms a phosphodiester bond between them to form a mRNA chain. It also moves along the DNA, seperating the strands.
When RNA polymerase reaches a particular sequence of DNA called a ______ ______, it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA.
Stop Signal
How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
Via nuclear Pores
If the DNA triplet is ATC, what is the codon on mRNA?
UAG
Name the base that is found in mRNA that is not found in DNA and is complementary to adenine.
Uracil
What is the mRNA strand called when it has both introns and exons in it?
Pre-mRNA
During splicing, what part of the mRNA is removed?
Introns
Is it prokaryotes or eukaryotes that don’t contain any introns?
Prokaryotes
Name the three stages of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Transcription, slicing and Translation
What happens during translation?
Amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) following the sequence of codons carried by mRNA.
What molecule releases the energy needed to form the bond between the tRNA and the amino acid molecule?
ATP
If the anticodon on the tRNA is UAC, what is the codon sequence on the mRNA?
AUG
