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a-level biology (aqa) > DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Is Eukaryotic DNA associated with proteins?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are histones

A

The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic DNA

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3
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus.

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of Prokaryotic DNA.

A

Shorter, circular and not associated with proteins.

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5
Q

What is the role of histones?

A

Support the DNA.

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6
Q

What is done to eukaryotic DNA to make it fit inside a nucleus?

A

It is wound up are histones and coiled up tightly to make compact chromosomes.

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7
Q

Name the two organelles found in eukaryotes that have there own DNA.

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (only plants)

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8
Q

How is prokaryotic DNA made to fit into a cell?

A

Circular chromosome coils and condenses by super coiling.

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA bases that codes for either a particular polypeptide or functional RNA.

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10
Q

What makes up a polypeptide chain?

A

Amino Acids

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11
Q

The order of the bases of a gene determines the order to ______ _____ in a particular polypeptide.

A

Amino Acids

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12
Q

How many bases code for each amino acid?

A

3 (Triplet)

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13
Q

Name the three types of RNA.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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14
Q

Define Genome.

A

The complete set of genes in the cell.

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15
Q

Define Proteome

A

The full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce.

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16
Q

Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

What are introns?

A

Sections of a gene that don’t code for amino acids.

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19
Q

Sections that do code for amino acids are called?

A

Exons

20
Q

How are introns removed?

A

Splicing

21
Q

Does the sequence CCTTCCTTCCTT code for amino acids?

A

No, they are called ‘non-coding repeats’

22
Q

What are genes that exist in different forms called?

A

Alleles

23
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have.

A

23 pairs (46 in total)

24
Q

Alleles coding for the same characteristic will be found at the same fixed position called _______.

A

Locus

25
Q

Name the RNA molecule that has a single polynucleotide chain and is made during transcription

A

mRNA

26
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to make proteins.

27
Q

In mRNA, three adjacent bases are called what?

A

A codon (triplet or base triplets)

28
Q

Name the RNA molecule that is folded into a clover shape and carries amino acids to the ribosome.

A

tRNA

29
Q

What maintains tRNAs specific shape?

A

Hydrogen bonds maintain the clover shape.

30
Q

What is the specific sequence of three bases found on the bottom of tRNA called?

A

The anticodon

31
Q

Does prokaryotic transcription take place in its nucleus?

A

No (trick question!!!), it doesnt have a nucleus, it happens in the cytoplasm.

32
Q

Name the enzyme which is involved in transcription.

A

RNA polymerase

33
Q

At the start of transcription, what bonds break to separate the DNA strands?

A

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Lines up free nucleotides and forms a phosphodiester bond between them to form a mRNA chain. It also moves along the DNA, seperating the strands.

35
Q

When RNA polymerase reaches a particular sequence of DNA called a ______ ______, it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA.

A

Stop Signal

36
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

Via nuclear Pores

37
Q

If the DNA triplet is ATC, what is the codon on mRNA?

A

UAG

38
Q

Name the base that is found in mRNA that is not found in DNA and is complementary to adenine.

A

Uracil

39
Q

What is the mRNA strand called when it has both introns and exons in it?

A

Pre-mRNA

40
Q

During splicing, what part of the mRNA is removed?

A

Introns

41
Q

Is it prokaryotes or eukaryotes that don’t contain any introns?

A

Prokaryotes

42
Q

Name the three stages of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

A

Transcription, slicing and Translation

43
Q

What happens during translation?

A

Amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) following the sequence of codons carried by mRNA.

44
Q

What molecule releases the energy needed to form the bond between the tRNA and the amino acid molecule?

A

ATP

45
Q

If the anticodon on the tRNA is UAC, what is the codon sequence on the mRNA?

A

AUG

a-level biology (aqa) (7 decks)

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