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Biology aqa AS > DNA, RNA and protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, RNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

linear DNA molecules that exist as chromosomes, really long (so wound up, around proteins called histones - which also help support the DNA)

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2
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

shorter, circular, isn’t wound around histones, it is supercoiled

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3
Q

what does a gene code for

A

polypeptide or functional RNA

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4
Q

what is a genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

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5
Q

what is a proteome

A

full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce

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6
Q

what is functional RNA

A

RNA that perform special tasks during proteinsynthesis

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7
Q

how is an amino acid coded for

A

sequence of 3 bases called a triplet

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8
Q

what is removed during protein synthesis

A

introns

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9
Q

what is an allele

A

different versions of the same gene that code for different versions of the same polypeptide

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10
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have

A

23

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11
Q

what is a homologous pair

A

pairs of matching chromosomes (same size, same genes but could have different alleles)

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12
Q

types of RNA

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA) 
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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13
Q

messenger RNA

A

made during transcription, carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes (where its used to make a protein during proteinsynthesis), single polnucleotide strand, groups of 3 bases = codons/triplets

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14
Q

transfer RNA

A

involved in translation, carries amino acid used to make proteins to the ribosomes, clover shape due to hydrogen bonds between base pairs, amino acid binds to one end, anticodon at one end (specific sequence of tree bases)

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15
Q

what is the first stage of protein synthesis

A

transcription

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16
Q

what is transcription

A

making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA

17
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

18
Q

where does transcription take place in prokaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm (as they do not have a nucleus)

19
Q

stages of transcription

A

1) RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA double-helix at the beginning of a gene, and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the genes
2) this causes the strands to seperate and uncoil, exposing some of the bases and the acts as a template to make an mRNA copy from
3) RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides alongside the exposed bases and complementary base pairing takes place, meaning an mRNA strand of complementary pairing is made
5) the free RNA nucleotides are joined by

20
Q

when does transcription stop?

A

when RNA polymerase reaches a ‘stop’ codon, it stops making RNA and detaches from DNA

21
Q

how does mRNA move out of eukaryotic cells

A

moves through the nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

22
Q

what form of mRNA contains introns and exons

A

pre-mRNA (in eukaryotic cells)

23
Q

what is removed during splicing

A

introns

24
Q

what process removes introns

A

splicing

25
Q

what cells mRNA doesn’t contain introns

A

prokaryotic

26
Q

what is the next stage of protein synthesis

A

translation

27
Q

what is translation

A

when amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain, following the sequence of codons carried by the mRNA

28
Q

where does translation occur

A

at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

29
Q

what happens during translation

A

1) mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome , and tRNA molecules carry amino acids to it.. ATP provides the energy required to form the bonds between the tRNA and amino acids
2) a tRNA molecule (carrying an amino acid) with an anticodon complimentary to the first codon of the mRNA attaches to the mRNA by specific base pairing
3) a second tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon in the same way
4) the 2 amino acids on the tRNA molecules are joined by a peptide bond, and the first tRNA molecule moves away leaving behind the amino acid
5) this process continues to produce a chain of linked amino acids, until theres a stop signal on the mRNA chain
6) the polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome and translation is complete

30
Q

what is the genetic code

A

sequence of base triplets in mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

31
Q

genetic code features

A

non-overlapping, degenerate, universal

32
Q

base triplets function

A

each triplet is read in sequence, they are seperate, and don’t share their features

33
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

there are more possible combinations of triplets than there are amino acids - 20 amino acids, 64 possible triplets - which means some amino acids are coded for by more than one base triplet

34
Q

start and stop codons

A

code for the start and stop of the production of the protein, found at the beginning and end of the mRNA

35
Q

what does universal mean

A

same specific base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things

Biology aqa AS (7 decks)

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