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Biology aqa AS > cell structure and division > Flashcards

cell structure and division Flashcards

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1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

complex cells, incluse all animal and plant cells, algae and fungi

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2
Q

animal cell organelles

A

1) plasma (cell membrane) surface
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) smooth enodplasmic reticulum
4) nucleolus
5) nucleus
6) lysosome
7) nuclear envelope
8) golgi appratus
9) mitochondria
10) cytoplasm
11) ribosome

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3
Q

plant cell organelles

A

1) plasma (cell membrane) surface
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) smooth enodplasmic reticulum
4) nucleolus
5) nucleus
6) lysosome
7) nuclear envelope
8) golgi appratus
9) mitochondria
10) cytoplasm
11) ribosome
12) chloroplast
13) plasmodesmata
14) vacuole
15) cell wall

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4
Q

algae cells

A

1) plasma (cell membrane) surface
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) smooth enodplasmic reticulum
4) nucleolus
5) nucleus
6) lysosome
7) nuclear envelope
8) golgi appratus
9) mitochondria
10) cytoplasm
11) ribosome
12) chloroplast
13) plasmodesmata
14) vacuole
15) cell wall

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5
Q

fungal cells

A

1) plasma (cell membrane) surface
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) smooth enodplasmic reticulum
4) nucleolus
5) nucleus
6) lysosome
7) nuclear envelope
8) golgi appratus
9) mitochondria
10) cytoplasm
11) ribosome
12) plasmodesmata
13) vacuole
14) cell wall (made of chitin)

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6
Q

cell surface-membrane

A

found on surface of animal calls, and inside cell wall of other cells, made of lipids and proteins

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7
Q

cell surface-membrane function

A

regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell, has receptor molecules so it can respond to hormones

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8
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope, contains chromosomes and the nucleolus

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9
Q

nucleus function

A

controls cells activities

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10
Q

nuclear envelope

A

surrounds nucleus, contains pores

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11
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

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12
Q

nucleolus

A

found inside nucleus

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13
Q

nucleolus function

A

makes ribosomes

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14
Q

mitochondrion

A

found in large numbers in active cells, oval shaped, have double membrane (inner one is folded to form crista) inside = matrix

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15
Q

mitochondrion function

A

site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced

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16
Q

matrix

A

contains enzymes involved in respiration

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17
Q

chloroplast

A

flattened structure, surrounded by double membrane, contains thylakoid membranes

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18
Q

chloroplast function

A

site of phototosyntheses

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19
Q

thylakoid membranes

A

stacked up inside chloroplast to form grana (which are linked by lamellae)

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20
Q

lamellae

A

thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane

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21
Q

golgi apparatus

A

group of fluid filles membrane bound flattened sacs, often containing vesicles on the edges

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22
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins, and makes lysosomes

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23
Q

golgi vesicles

A

small, fluid filled sac in cytoplasm surrounded by membrane and produced by golgi apparatus

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24
Q

golgi vesicle function

A

sotres lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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25
Q

lysosome

A

round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure (type of golgi vesicle)

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26
Q

lysosome function

A

contains digestive enzymes called lysozomes which are used to digest invading cells/break down worn out components of the cell

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27
Q

ribosome

A

very small organelle that either floats free or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, made up o proteins and RNA (not surrounded by membrane)

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28
Q

ribosome function

A

site where proteins are made

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29
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, covered in ribosomes

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30
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) function

A

folds and processes proteins (that have been made at the ribosomes)

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31
Q

smooth endplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

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32
Q

smooth endplasmic reticulum (SER) function

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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33
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure that surrounds cells (plans & algae = made of cellulose, fungi = made of chitin)

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34
Q

cell wall function

A

supports cell, stops it from changing shape

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35
Q

cell vacuole

A

found in cytoplasm (of plant cell) contains cell sap, surrounded by membrane called tonoplast

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36
Q

cell vacuole function

A

helps to maintain pressure and keep the rigid (stops plant from wilting), involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cell

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37
Q

what is cell sap

A

weak solution of sugar and salts

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38
Q

what are specialised cells

A

cells specialised to carry out a specific function (e.g epithelial cells in small intestine are specialised to absorb food efficiently - villi and microvilli)

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39
Q

what are tissues

A

a group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

40
Q

what are organs

A

a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

41
Q

what are organ systems

A

a group of organs working together to perform a specific function

42
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

smaller, simpler cells (e.g bacteria)

43
Q

prokaryotic cells organelle

A

1) cytoplasm
2) plasma membrane
3) cell wall
4) flagellum
5) DNA
6) plasmids
7) capsule

44
Q

prokaryotic cytoplasm

A

has no membrane bound organnelles, it has small ribosomes

45
Q

prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

46
Q

prokaryotic cell wall

A

supports the cell wall and prevents it changing shape, made from murien (polymer thats a glycoprotein)

47
Q

what is a glycoprotein

A

protein with a carbohydrate attached

48
Q

prokaryotic flagellum

A

long, hair-like structure that rotates to move the cell (not all have one, some cells have multiple)

49
Q

prokaryotic DNA

A

floats free in the cytoplasm, not attached to histone proteins, circular

50
Q

prokaryotic plasmids

A

small loops of DNA that contain genes for things like antibiotic resistanc, can be passed between prokaryotes ( not always present, some have multiple)

51
Q

prokaryotic capsule

A

made up of secreted slime, helps protect bacteria from attack cells in the immune system

52
Q

what are virus’

A

small, acellular (nucleic acids surrounded by protein)

53
Q

virus replication

A

invade and reproduce inside the cells of other organisms (host cells)

54
Q

how virus’ replicate

A

1) use their attachment proteins to bind to complementary receptor proteins on surface of host cells (different receptor proteins on each virus=can only infect one type of cell)
2) inject their DNA/RNA into the host cell and hijacks it, so the cells replicate the viral particles for them

55
Q

virus structure

A

core of genetic material (DNA or RNA), protein coat around core (capsid), attachment protein (stick out from edge)

56
Q

prokaryotic cell replication

A

binary fission

57
Q

binary fission

A

cell replicates before splitting into 2 daughter cells

58
Q

binary fission process

A

1) circular DNA and plasmids replicate(DNA= once, plasmids = lots of times)
2) cell gets bigger, DNA loops move to opposite poles
3) cytoplasm begins to divide, new cell walls form
4) cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells, each has 1 copy of DNA and variable number of plasmids

59
Q

magnification

A

how much bigger the image is than the specimen

60
Q

magnification calculation

A

size of image divided by size of real object

61
Q

resolution

A

how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together (how detailed the image is)

62
Q

types of microscope

A

optical (light) and electron

63
Q

optical (light) microscope

A

use light to form an image, max resolution of 0.2micrometres (can’t view anything smaller, e.g ribosomes, RER, SER, lysosomes etc), max magnification is x1500

64
Q

electron microscope

A

use electrons to form an image, higher resolution of about 0.0002micrometres, max magnification of x1500000 (because electron waves are smaller than light waves)

65
Q

micrometres to millimetres

A

divide by 1000

66
Q

types of electron microscope

A

transmission (TEM) scanning (SEM)

67
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

use electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons, which is then transmitted through the specimen, denser parts absorb more electrons so look darker on the final image

68
Q

TEM advantages

A

give high resolution images, so you can see the internal structure

69
Q

TEM disadvantages

A

can only be used on thin specimens

70
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

scan a beam of electrons across a specimen which knocks off electrons from the specimen, and they are gathered in a cathode ray tude to form an image

71
Q

SEM advantages

A

gives the surface of the specimen, can be 3D, can be used on thick specimens

72
Q

SEM disadvantages

A

give lower resolution images

73
Q

preparing a slide for opital microscope

A

1) pipette a small drop of water onto slide
2) use tweezers to place a thin specimen on top of the water droplet
3) add a drop of stain to highlight objects (e.g iodine in porassium iodide solution used to stain starch grains in plants)
4) add cover slip by placing upright next to specimen, then tilting slowely being careful to not trap airbubbles

74
Q

cell fractionation

A

seperates organelles

75
Q

cell fractionation stages

A

homogenisation, filtration, ultracentrifugation

76
Q

homogenisation

A

breaking the cells apart e.g by vibrating the cells/grinding cells in a blender (which breaks up the plasma membrane and released organelle into solution)

77
Q

homogenisation solution

A

solution should

1) be ice cold (to reduce activity of enzymes that break down organelles)
2) be isotonic (to stop damage to organelles through osmosis)
3) contain a buffer solution (to maintain pH)

78
Q

what does isotonic mean

A

has the same concentration of chemicals as the cells being broken down

79
Q

filtration

A

solution is filtered through a gauze to seperate large cell debris/ tissue debris (e.g connective tissue) from the organelles

80
Q

ultracentrifugation

A

seperates the organelles

81
Q

ultracentrifugation method

A

1)cell fragments are poured into a tube
2)tube is placed into centrifuge and spun at low speed
3)heaviest organelle (e.g nucleus) get flung to the botttom and form a thick sediment called the pellet
4)other organelles stay suspended in fluid above the sediment, called supernatant, are drained off and put into another tube, put into centrifuge and spun at a higher speed
5)heaviest organelles go to bottom (mitochondria) to form a pellet
6) method repeated until all organelles seperated out
tube is made up of heaviest - lightest organelles

82
Q

what is the pellet

A

thick sediment of heaviest organelle at the bottom of centrifuge tube

83
Q

what is the supernatant

A

organelles suspended in solution above the pellet in the centrifuge

84
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that produces genetically identical cells, used for growth and repair

85
Q

mitosis stages

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

86
Q

interphase

A

before cell cycle, DNA is unravelled and replicated, organelles are replicated, ATP content is increased

87
Q

prophase

A

first stage, chromosomes condense (getting shorter and fatter), centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibres form across the cell, nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes like free in cytoplasm

88
Q

metaphase

A

second stage, chromosomes line up along the middle and become attached to spindle fibres by their centromere

89
Q

anaphase

A

third stage, centromeres divide (seperating sister chromatids), spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle centromere first (makes chromatids v-shaped)

90
Q

telophase

A

final stage, chromatids reach opposite poles on spindle, uncoil and become thin and long again (are called chormosomes again), nuclear envelope forms to form 2 nuclei, cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells

91
Q

what is cancer

A

result of uncontrolled mitosis (cells keep growing and form a tumor)

92
Q

cancer treatments designed to target cell cycle

A

G1 (growth and protein production) - chemotherapy prevents synthesis of enzymes needed to replicate
or S phase (DNA replication) - radiation damages DNA which causes cell to kill itself, stopping replication

93
Q

mitosis cell cycle

A

G1 (gap phase 1), S (synthesis) , G2 (gap phase 2), M (mitosis)

94
Q

G1 - gap phase 1

A

cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

95
Q

S - synthesis

A

cell replicates its DNA ready to divide during mitosis

96
Q

G2 - gap phase 2

A

cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

97
Q

M - mitosis

A

cycle starts and ends here

Biology aqa AS (7 decks)

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